Ffriction,b Effect of Speed on Boundary Friction Force

Ffriction,h Effect of Speed on Hydrodynamic Friction Force

Power loss at top piston ring at 5000 rpm, no load (pcyl = 0)
Power loss at top piston ring at 5000 rpm, (pcyl = 30bar)
Piston and Ring Friction
Distribution of the total mechanical losses of an engine

Diesel Engine
Petrol Engine
 BEARING FRICTION

Bearing friction comes from many different sources

including the crankshaft main bearings, connecting rod
big-end bearings, connecting rod small-end bearings,
camshaft bearings, and rocker arm bearings.
As previously discussed engine bearings typically
represent 20 to 30% of the total engine frictional losses.
Of the many different bearings in a diesel engine none are
more critical or highly stressed than the connecting rod
big/small-end bearings and the crankshaft main bearings.
 Big-End Bearing Friction
The connecting rod big-end bearings are subject to varying
loads, speeds, and angular velocities throughout the cycle
of engine operation.
In these bearings the journal rotates steadily while the
sleeve oscillates back and forth.
The magnitude of these bearing loads at any point is the
resultant of three main forces :
1. Combustion gas force
2. Inertia force of the reciprocating parts
3. Centrifugal force on the crankpin created by the big-end
of the connecting rod
Free body/kinetic diagram of forces acting on piston pin
Pressure Distribution Diagram
Combined Bearing Pressure Diagram Vs Gas
Pressure
Stribeck Curve for Bearings
 Geometrical Solutions to Contain Friction in
Bearings

The loads on the bearings vary significantly with crank

angle, the connecting rod geometry and the combustion gas
pressure.
Size of a bearing:
Diameter of crankshaft main bearing: 65% of bore.
Connecting rod bearings 55% of bore.
Bearing lengths are sized at 35 to 45% of bore.
 Indicative Pressure Profile During Compression

dp Rmix Qloss Cv dV mmixTmix Rmix d

1 p
d VCv d Rmix d 1 d
2

V
Vc
1
2

1 rc 1 R1 cos R 2
sin 2
2
V
1 rc 11 R cos cos R 2 sin
1 e
Vc 2 a

Qloss hA Tmix Tw h 3.2 D 0.2 p 0.8U mix

0.8

d
U mix 2.28S p
 The Total Friction Pressure due to Piston rings

The total friction force Ff, acting on the ring in tangential direction,
is the sum of the friction force between the asperities and the shear
force about the HDL regime:

Ff
p f ,rings
Apiston
Combined Bearing Pressure Diagram Vs Gas
Pressure
 Break Pressure Profile During Compression

CS CS
Wcompression,nogen W p dV
b
IVC IVC

TDC TDC
Wcompression, gen W p dV
b
CS CS
Work Consumed by compression Process

W p dV
Valve Train Friction
Valve Train Friction
Auxiliary Component Friction
 Total Friction

The work per cycle for each component I of the total friction is given by
integrating the friction force Ff,I times its displacement dx around the cycle.

W f ,i F f ,i ( )dx
The friction force components are either independent of speed or
proportional to speed or to speed squared.

Wtf C1 C2 N C3 N 2
 Friction:Measurement Methods

Measurement of FMEP from IMEP.

Direct Motoring Tests.
Willans Line.
Morse Test.
 Willans Line

The Willans line model is a scaling technique used to create

numerical models of IC Engines of virtually any desired size.
It is a good quasi-static representation of the fuel efficiency of CI/SI
Engines.
Its advantages lie in its scalability within engines of a certain class.
However, this technique does not take into account several aspects
of IC engines such as detailed engine geometry, fuel injection,
thermal effects, engine dynamics, etc.
Modeling
In the Willans Line Model, the energy conversion efficiency is
represented as the ratio between the input and output power.
Willans Line
 SI Engines

Correlation: 2
N N
FMEPt 0.97 0.15 0.05
1000 1000
Effect of Load on FMEP SI Engines
CI Engines
 CI Engines

N
FMEPt C1 48
0.04 S pm
2 2

1000
Engine Power Performance Curves : SI Engine
Engine Power Performance Curves : CI Engine