Energy Audit & Management

B.E. Mechanical

UNIT I
General Aspects of Energy
Management
 Syllabus
Current energy scenario - India and World,
Current energy consumption pattern in global and
Indian industry,
Principles of Energy management,
Energy policy, Energy action planning,
Energy security and reliability,
Energy and environment,
Need of Renewable and energy efficiency.
Current energy scenario - India and World
Primary energy world consumption
Million tonnes oil equivalent
 Primary energy regional consumption by fuel 2016
Percentage
 Fuel consumption by region 2016
Percentage
 Shares of global primary energy consumption
Percentage
Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years
Distribution of proved oil reserves:1996, 2006 & 2016
Percentage
 Oil production/consumption by region
Million barrels daily
Production by Region Consumption by Region
Natural Gas
Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years
Distribution of proved gas reserves:1996, 2006 & 2016
Percentage
 Gas production/consumption by region
Billion cubic metres
Production by Region Consumption by Region
 Gas consumption per capita 2016
Tonnes oil equivalent
Coal
Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years
History
2016 by region
Distribution of proved coal reserves: 1996, 2006 and 2016
Percentage
 Coal production/consumption by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent
Production by region Consumption by region
Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy consumption by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity consumption by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent
Renewable energy
 Renewable energy consumption/share
of power by region
Other renewable consumption by Other renewable share of power
region Million tonnes oil equivalent generation by region Percentage
 Biofuels production by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent
World biofuels production
 Energy Management
Energy is one of the basic input factors of production,
along with labor, capital, and materials.
 Energy Policy
Energy policy provides the foundation for setting
performance goals and integrating energy management
into an organization's culture and operations.
Energy Policy provides the foundation for successful
energy management.
A formal written energy policy acts both as:
A public expression of the organization's commitment
to energy conservation and environmental protection
A working document to guide the energy management
practices and provides continuity.
 Energy Policy
Good planning is a basis and starting point of
effective energy action planning.
The various components of Planning are:
1. Developing an energy policy
2. Setting Objectives and Targets
3. Preparing detailed Action plans
4. Allocating Management Resources
5. Utilizing various management techniques.
 Develop Energy Policy
It support for energy management and is expressed
in a formal written declaration of commitment.
A set of stated objectives, an action plan for
achieving them, and a clear specification of
responsibilities.
Typical Format of an Energy Policy:
1. Declaration of managements commitment to,
involvement in, energy management.
2. Statement of policy.
3. Statement of objectives, separated into short and
long-term goals.
 Energy Policy Includes following:
1. Objectives:
2. Accountability
3. Reporting
4. Training
 Establish Goals
Create and express clear, measurable goals, with target
dates, for the entire organization, facilities, and other units.
Once the potential for improvement has been estimated, goals can be
established at the appropriate organizational levels.
Common ways for establishing goals include:
Defined reduction- Goals are presented in terms of a specific
quantity or percentage decrease in energy use, such as decrease
of 300 tons of furnace oil or10 percent reduction of furnace oil.
Best-in-class - This goal aims for a certain level of
performance compared to an established benchmark.
Efficiency improvement -Goals are expressed as a function
of reducing the energy intensity of a specific performance
indicator, such as 5 kWh per unit of product.
 Set Targets
Gets are set at departmental levels to achieve the
organizational goals.
Targets should be SMART:
1. Specific and Measurable
2. Ambitious
3. Realistic and Time bond
Use of Benchmarking for setting Goals & Targets

Its simple meaning is Learn from Others

Compare the energy performance of facilities to
each other, peers and competitors, and over time to
prioritize which facilities to focus on for
improvements.
Benchmarking can be done in variety of ways
Past performance - A comparison of current versus
historical performance.
Best in class - Benchmarking against the best in the
industry and not the average.
 Force Field Analysis
It is a useful exercise to clarify the goal to be achieved, and
to assess what barriers must be overcome.
Force field analysis is a simple tool that can be used to gain
additional insight about the change process to be pursued.
The steps involved in force field analysis are:
1. State the organizational goal and indicate the direction:
2. Identify barriers that work against the achievement of the goal
3. Identify positive influences or forces that work towards
achievement of the goal; these may be internal or external.
4. Estimate the relative strength of the negative and positive
forces.
5. Prioritize those forces that can be strengthened or weakened
Force Field Analysis
 Create Action Plan
To achieve goals, the organization is develops a roadmap
to improve energy performance.
Organizations use a detailed action plan to ensure a
systematic process to implement energy performance
measures.
The basic steps in action plan are:
1. Define Technical Steps and Targets:
a. Determine Roles and Resources
b. Determine technical steps
c. Create performance targets
d. Set timelines for actions
e. Establish a tracking system
 Create Action Plan
2. Determine Roles and Resources:
Work with the Energy Team to communicate the action plan to
all areas of the organization.
Determine Roles
a. Identify internal roles -Determine who should be involved
and what their responsibilities
b. Identify external roles -Determine the degree to which
consultants, service providers, vendors, and other product
providers
3. Establish performance metrics for contractors :
4. Determine Resources :
a. Define resources needs b. Secure resources
5. Actions
 Energy Action Planning
Gaining the support and cooperation of key people:
Reaching your goals
Awareness, commitment, and capability on the people
In addition to implementing the technical aspects of the
action plan, consider the following:
1. Create communication plan
2. Raise awareness
3. Build capacity
4. Motivate
5. Track & Monitor
 Energy Security
The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to
reduce its dependency on the imported energy
sources for its economic growth.
1. Long Term Energy Security:
Supply energy hand in hand Economic development
considering environmental needs.
2. Short Term Energy Security:
Energy systems ability of reacting instantly to unexpected
and sudden changes in the supply demand balance.
India will continue to experience an energy supply
shortfall throughout the forecast period.
 Energy Security
Some of the strategies that can be used to meet future
challenges to their energy security are :
Building stockpiles
Diversification of energy supply sources
Increased capacity of fuel switching
Demand restraint,
Development of renewable energy sources.
Energy efficiency
Sustainable development
Although all these options are feasible, their
implementation will take time.
 Energy and Environment
The usage of energy resources in industry leads to
environmental damages by polluting the atmosphere.
Air pollution are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide
(NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from
boilers and furnaces, chloro-fluro carbons (CFC)
emissions from refrigerants use, etc.
Chemical & fertilizers industries, toxic gases are
released.
Cement plants & power plants spew out PM.
 Energy and Environment
Typical inputs, outputs, and emissions for a typical
industrial process are shown in Figure
 Air Pollution
A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected
harmful effects on human health and the environment.
These air pollutants are basically the products of
combustion from fossil fuel use.
Air pollutants from these sources may not only create
problems near to these sources but also can cause
problems far away.
Air pollutants can travel long distances, chemically react
in the atmosphere to produce secondary pollutants such as
acid rain or ozone.
 Air Pollution
1. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2):
SO2 is a corrosive acid gas, which combines with water
vapour in the atmosphere to produce acid rain.
SO2 in ambient air is also associated with asthma and
chronic bronchitis.
The principal source of this gas is power stations and
industries burning fossil fuels, which contain sulphur.
 Air Pollution
2. Nitrogen Oxides:
NO2 are formed during high temperature combustion
processes from the oxidation of nitrogen in the air or fuel.
The principal source of nitrogen oxides - nitric oxide (NO)
and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), collectively known as NOx - is
road traffic.
Main sources are power stations & industrial processes.
Nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere mainly in the
form of NO, which is then readily oxidized to NO2 by
reaction with ozone.
It irritates the respiratory system and may worsen asthma &
increase susceptibility to infections.
Nitrogen oxides combine with water vapour to form nitric
acid.
 3. Acid Rain
Acid rain is caused by release of SOX and NOX from
combustion of fossil fuels, which then mix with water
vapour in atmosphere to form sulphuric and nitric acids
respectively.
The effects of acid rain are as follows:
Acidification of lakes, streams, and soils
Direct and indirect effects (release of metals, For example:
Aluminum which washes away plant nutrients)
Killing of wildlife (trees, crops, aquatic plants,& animals)
Decay of building materials & paints, statues, & sculptures
Health problems (respiratory, burning- skin and eyes)
3. Acid Rain
 Global Warming
The natural composition of gases in the atmosphere began
to get affected due to the toxic gases released from
combustion of fossil fuels which in turn influenced the
climatic and environmental cycle.
The temperature of the earth is rising for the last century
due to the pollution is called is Global Warming.
 Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle
Life on earth is made possible by energy from the sun,
which arrives mainly in the form of visible life.
About 30 percent of the sunlight is scattered back into
space by outer atmosphere and the balance 70 percent
reaches the earth's surface, which reflects it in form of
infrared radiation.
The escape of slow moving infrared radiation is
delayed by the green house gases.
A thicker blanket of greenhouse gases traps more
infrared radiation and increase the earth's temperature
Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle
 Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle
Greenhouse gases makeup only 1 % of the atmosphere,
but they act as a blanket around the earth, or like a glass
roof of a greenhouse and keep the earth 30 degrees
warmer than it would be otherwise - without greenhouse
gases, earth would be too cold to live.
The emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of
coal, oil and natural gas; by additional methane and
nitrous oxide from farming activities and changes in
land use; and by several man made gases that have a long
life in the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide is responsible for 60 percent of the
"enhanced greenhouse effect".
 Global Warming Implications
1. Rise in Global Temperature
2. Rise in Sea Level
3. Food shortages and Hunger
4. Loss of Biodiversity
5. Increased Diseases
6. Acid Rain
 Need of Renewable Energy
1. Fossil Fuels are Finite Sources
2. Fossil Fuels Contribute to Climate Change
3. Renewable Energy is Democratic
( Domestic)
4. Renewable Energy is Better for
Environment