Analytical Geometry

Review
 Distance Formula
P2(x2, y2)

P1(x1, y1)

o x

y
Midpoint of a Line Segment

x x1 x 2
1
2

y y1 y 2
1
2
Example 1:
The locus of the point , is
equidistant from (0,0) and (4, 2).
a. = 8
b. 2 = 10
c. 2 = 5
d. = 4
Example 1:
The locus of the point , is
equidistant from (0,0) and (4, 2).
a. = 8
b. 2 = 10
c. 2 = 5
d. = 4
 Division of a Line Segment
y P2
P Internal Division
P1
P1 P r 1
ratio
PP 2 r 2
o x
External Division
P1 P r 1
y ratio
P2 P PP 2 r 2
P1 Coordinates of P:
r 2 x1 r 1 x 2
x
r1 r2
x r 2 y1 r 1 y 2
y
r1 r2
Example 2:
The segment from (1, 4) and
(2, 2) is extended three times its own
length. Find the terminal point.
a. (11, 20)
b. (18, 10)
c. (12, 24)
d. (5, 28)
Example 2:
The segment from (1, 4) and
(2, 2) is extended three times its own
length. Find the terminal point.
a. (11, 20)
b. (18, 10)
c. (12, 24)
d. (5, 28)
 Slope (m)
Tangent of the angle of inclination m Tan
where: = angle of inclination
y 2 y1
m y x 2 x1
x 2 x1
Parallel Lines: L1 || L2 1 = 2
1
Perpendicular Lines: L1 L2 m1
m2
Example
If the line through (, 4) and (3, 7) is
parallel to one through (, 1) and
(5,1), find .
a. 9
b. 12
c. 14.5
d. 18
Example
If the line through (, 4) and (3, 7) is
parallel to one through (, 1) and
(5,1), find .
a. 9
b. 12
c. 14.5
d. 18
Example 3:
Three vertices of a parallelogram are
(1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 5). Find the
fourth vertex.
a. (5, 6)
b. (0, 13)
c. (0, 0)
d. (7, 3)
Example 3:
Three vertices of a parallelogram are
(1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 5). Find the
fourth vertex.
a. (5, 6)
b. (0, 13)
c. (0, 0)
d. (7, 3)
Slope (m)
Angle between two lines
m 2 m1
TanA
1 m 2 m1
y
L2
L1
A

x
Straight Line
Lines Parallel to Coordinate Axes
Lines parallel to y-axis
= ; =
Lines parallel to x-axis
= ;=0
Example
Find the slope of the line bisecting the
angle from 1, with the slope 2, to 2, with
no slope.
a. 3 2 2
b. 2 5
c. 3 5
d. 3 2
Example
Find the slope of the line bisecting the
angle from l1, with the slope 2, to l2, with
no slope.
a. 3 2 2
b. 2 5
c. 3 5
d. 3 2
Straight Line

Point Slope Form

1 = ( 1 )
Straight Line
Line through two points

y 2 y1
m
x2 x1
Straight Line
Slope - Intercept Form
= +
Where: = slope
= y-intercept
Straight Line
General Equation of First Degree
+ + = 0

Where: , , and are constants

Straight Line
Parallel Lines
+ + = 0
+ + = 0
Where: , , , and are constants
 Straight Line
Perpendicular Lines
+ + = 0
+ = 0
Where: , , , and are constants
Straight Line
Intercept Form
x y
+ 1
a b

Where:
= x- intercept
= y- intercept
Straight Line
Directed Distance from Line to Point

Ax1 + By1 + C
d
A B
2 2
Example
The equation of the line with x
intercept = -2 and y intercept = 3.
Example
For what value of is the line 1 =
( + 3) at a distance 3 from the
origin?
a. 2
b. 4/3
c. 2 2
d. 7/8
Example
For what value of is the line 1 =
( + 3) at a distance 3 from the
origin?
a. 2
b. 4/3
c. 2 2
d. 7/8
Example
Find the distance between the parallel
lines 2 5 10 = 0 and 2 5 +
4 = 0.
14 27
a. c.
29 5
19 4
b. d.
7 3
Example
Find the distance between the parallel
lines 2 5 10 = 0 and 2 5 +
4 = 0.
14 27
a. c.
29 5
19 4
b. d.
7 3
The Circle
-Locus of a point that moves at a constant
distance from a fixed point
The Circle
Center at the origin

2 + 2 = 2

Where: = radius
 The Circle
Center at the point (, )

2 2
+ = 2

Where: = radius
 The Circle
Most General Equation of Second Degree
+ + + + + =
If = and = ,
+ + + + =
( )
+
= ; = ; =

Example
Find the equation of the circle through
points (1,5), (2,3), and (2, 1).
a. 2 2 + 2 2 + 3 + 9 + 5 = 0
b. 2 + 2 8 + 10 12 = 0
2 2
c. 10 + 5 9 + 2 = 0
2 2
d. 5 + 5 9 19 26 = 0
Example
Find the equation of the circle through
points (1,5), (2,3), and (2, 1).
a. 2 2 + 2 2 + 3 + 9 + 5 = 0
b. 2 + 2 8 + 10 12 = 0
2 2
c. 10 + 5 9 + 2 = 0
2 2
d. 5 + 5 9 19 26 = 0
Example
Find the equations of the two circles
tangent to both axes and containing the
point (8, 1).
Example
Find the equations of the two circle
tangent to both axes and containing the
point (8, 1).
Ans.
2 + 2 + 10 + 10 + 25 = 0 and
2 + 2 + 26 + 26 + 169 = 0
 V. Conic Sections
Definition:
The path of a point which moves so that its
distance from a fixed point is in a constant ratio to its
distance from a fixed line is called a conic section, or
simply a conic.
Focus - fixed point
Directrix fixed line
Eccentricity constant ratio
Conic Sections
Three Classes:
If < , the conic is an ellipse
If = , the conic is a parabola
If > , the conic is a hyperbola
 The Conic Section
General Equation:
+ + + + + =
or +
+ + + =
If < , the conic is an ellipse
If = , the conic is a parabola
If > , the conic is an hyperbola
The Central Conics: Parabola ( = )
 V. Conic Sections
Parabola ( = )
- locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed
point(focus) and a fixed line (directrix)

Latus Rectum line segment

through the focus, perpendicular
to the axis and having both ends
on the parabola
= 4
Parabola ( = 1)
Parabola with vertex on the point ( , )
Opening to the right
2
= 4( )
Parabola ( = 1)
Parabola with vertex on the point ( , )
Opening to the left
2
= 4( )
Parabola ( = 1)
Parabola with vertex on the point ( , )
Opening upward
( )2 = 4( )
Parabola ( = 1)
Parabola with vertex on the point ( , )
Opening downward
( )2 = 4( )
Parabola ( = 1)
Reduction to Standard Forms
Second Degree Forms:
2 + + + = 0 ( 0 )

= ; = ; =

2 + + + = 0 0

= ; = ; =

 The Central Conics
A. Ellipse ( < 1) set of all points (, ) such that the
sum of the distances from (, ) to a pair of distinct
fixed points (foci) is a fixed constant.
Center on the origin 2 2
x y
major axis: x-axis 2
+ 2 1
minor axis: y-axis
a b
Length of the major axis = 2a
Length of the minor axis = 2b
Distance from center to focus = c
Relationship: = +
The Central Conics

= +

= ;


= =

Distance from the

center to the directrix,

=

 VI. The Central Conics

Ellipse ( < 1) set of all points (, ) such that the sum

of the distances from (, ) to a pair of distinct fixed
points (foci) is a fixed constant.
2 2
Center on the origin x y
major axis: x-axis 2
+ 2
1
a b
minor axis: y-axis
: >
Ends of latera recta:
(, /) and (, /)
The Central Conics
Ellipse ( < 1)
= ; =
Center on the origin
major axis: y-axis
minor axis: x-axis

2 2
y x
2
+ 2 1
a b
The Central Conics
Ellipse ( < 1)
Center on the point (, )
major axis // x-axis
minor axis //y-axis
( x h) 2
( y k)
2

2
+ 2
1
a b
The Central Conics

Ellipse ( < 1)
Center on the point (, )
major axis // y-axis
minor axis //x-axis
( y k) 2
( x h)
2

2
+ 2
1
a b
The Central Conics
Ellipse ( < 1)
Second Degree Form
2 + 2 + + + = 0
Where: and have the same sign

= ; =

The Central Conics
Hyperbola ( > 1)
Center on the origin
transverse axis: x-axis 2 2
x y
conjugate axis: y-axis 2
- 2
1
a b
The Central Conics
= +

= ;


= =

Distance from the

center to the directrix,

=

VI. The Central Conics
Hyperbola ( > 1)
Center on the origin
transverse axis: y-axis
conjugate axis: x-axis

2 2
y x
2
- 2
1
a b
The Central Conics

Hyperbola (e >1)
Center on the point (h, k)
transverse axis// x-axis
conjugate axis// y-axis

( x h) 2
( y k)
2

2
- 2
1
a b
The Central Conics

Hyperbola (e >1)
enter on the point (h, k)
transverse axis// y-axis
conjugate axis// x-axis

( y k)
2
( x h) 2

2
- 2
1
a b
The Central Conics
Hyperbola ( > 1)
Second Degree Form
2 + 2 + + + = 0
Where: A and C have opposite signs

= ; =

IDENTIFY THE LOCUS OF THE FOLLOWING
EQUATIONS
1. y2 8y = x + 4
2. 4x2 + 2y2 y = 15
3. 2x y = 3
4. y2 2y + x 5 = 0
5. 12x2 6y2 + 2y + 3 = 0
6. 4 ( x+3) = y + 2
7. 10x2 20x + 10y2 = 8 = 0
8. 4x2 2y2 + 2x + y = 0
9. 5x2 + 5y2 10x + 4 = 0
10. 6x2 3y2 = 25
 Example
Find the equation of Ellipse with vertices
(1, 8) and (1, 2), containing (1,0).
Example
Find the equation of Hyperbola with
vertices (4,1) and 0,1 and focus
(6,1).
a. 3 2 + 3 2 6 4 = 0
b. 2 2 + 10 + 12 + 4 = 0
c. 2 + 5 2 12 + 12 + 1 = 0
d. 3 2 2 12 + 2 1 = 0
Example
Find the equation of Hyperbola with
vertices (4,1) and 0,1 and focus
(6,1).
a. 3 2 + 3 2 6 4 = 0
b. 2 2 + 10 + 12 + 4 = 0
c. 2 + 5 2 12 + 12 + 1 = 0
d. 3 2 2 12 + 2 1 = 0
 Example
The major axis of the elliptical path in which the
Earth moves around the Sun is approximately
186,000,000 miles and the eccentricity of the
ellipse is 1/60. Determine the apogee of the
Earth.
a. 94,355.100 miles
b. 94,550,000 miles
c. 93,000,000 miles
d. 91,450,000 miles
 Example
The major axis of the elliptical path in which the
Earth moves around the Sun is approximately
186,000,000 miles and the eccentricity of the
ellipse is 1/60. Determine the apogee of the
Earth.
a. 94,355.100 miles
b. 94,550,000 miles
c. 93,000,000 miles
d. 91,450,000 miles
 Example
Use the equation : 9x2 16y2 128y 260 = 0
1. Center of the conic is
a. (0, 0) b. (0, 4) c. ( 4, 0) d. (0, -4)
2. Equation of one of the asymptotes:
a. 3x 4y = 16 c. x + 3y = 0
b. 4x 3y = 16 d. x + 4y = 0
Example
3. One of its vertices is:
a. 23 , 4 c. 4, 23
b. 2 , 4 d. 23 , 4
3

4. Length of transverse axis:

a. 2/3 b. 4/3 c. 1 d.
 Example
Use the equation: 4x2 40x + 9y2 36y + 135 = 0
1. The center of the conic is :
a. (5, 2) b. (2, 5) c. (5, 2) d. (2, -5)
2. The distance of the foci from the center is
5 6 6
a. 1/6 b. c. d.
6 5 5
 Example
3. Length of latus rectum is
8 1 1 4
a. b. c. d.
9 8 3 9
4. Length of minor axis is
1 4 2
a. 3
b.
3
c.
3
d.3
5. Equation of directrices is x equal to:
3 5 3 3 5 5
a. 5
2
b. 5
10
c. 5
10
d. 5
10
 Example
A parabolic arch has a height of 20 ft. and
a width of 36 ft at the base. If the vertex
of the parabola is at the top of the arch, at
what height above the base is 18 ft wide?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
 Example
A parabolic arch has a height of 20 ft. and
a width of 36 ft at the base. If the vertex
of the parabola is at the top of the arch, at
what height above the base is 18 ft wide?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20