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Theoretical Foundations
CHAPTER TWO
Classical Theories of Organizations
PREVIEW
Review Chapter One
Theoretical Relevancy
Minimizing Misunderstandings
Classical Theories of Organizations
Taylors Theory of Scientific Management
Fayols Administrative Theory
Webers Theory of Bureaucracy
Organizational Communication
Foundations REVIEW
the process of creating, exchanging,
interpreting (correctly or incorrectly), and
storing oral, nonverbal, and written messages
within (and across the boundaries of) a system of
interrelated and interdependent people working
to accomplish common tasks and goals within an
organization.
MESSAGE-CENTERED DEFINITION
Assumptions and Features
Communication is central to the existence of
the organization
Misunderstandings occur
Misunderstandings
PROBLEMS
Creativity and intelligence are underutilized
Increased dissatisfaction
Decreased motivation and commitment to task and organization
Decreased communication effectiveness and satisfaction
Distinguishing Classical Theories
Creative Application Skit
Theory Matchbook Definition
Describe the theory in a nutshell
Principles of Management
Major Elements of the Theory
Application in the Modern Workplace
Personal Example(s)
How are misunderstandings minimized?
What new forms of misunderstandings are created?
Unintentional by-products
Contributions to occurrences of different problems
Taylors Theory of Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor (1856-1915)
The Father of Scientific Management
Maximize worker capacity and profits
PROBLEM: Get employees to work at their maximum capacity
PRIMARY FOCUS: TASKS
http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/projects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html
Systematic Soldiering
Deliberately working slowly as to avoid expanding more effort
than deemed necessary
Reasons
Reduction in workforce due to decreased need
Piecework system of remuneration - raise production requirements
without increasing pay
Rule of thumb training methods - inefficient
Taylors Theory of Scientific Management
Elements of Scientific Management
Scientific design of every aspect of every task
Time and Motion Studies
Careful selection and training of every task
Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work
Maximize output - increase pay
Equal division of work and responsibility between worker and manager
Underlying Themes
Managers are intelligent; workers are and should be ignorant
Provide opportunities for workers to achieve greater financial rewards
Workers are motivated almost solely by wages
Maximum effort = Higher wages
Manager is responsible for planning, training, and evaluating
Taylors Theory of Scientific Management
Application in the Modern Workplace
Assembly Line Plants as Prototypical Examples
Prisoners of Taylorism
System of Remuneration (quotas - commission)
Re-Design - Reengineering
Benchmarking
Data are used to refine, improve, change, modify, and
eliminate organizational processes
Lean Manufacturing
Fayols Administrative Theory
Henri Fayol (1841-1925)
General and Industrial Management
Principles and Elements of Management - how
managers should accomplish their managerial duties
PRIMARY FOCUS: Management
(Functions of Administration)
More Respect for Worker than Taylor
Workers are motivated by more than money
Equity in worker treatment
More PRESCRIPTIVE
http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/fayol.html
Fayols Administrative Theory
Five Elements of Management -- Managerial Objectives
Planning
Organizing
Command
Coordination
Control
Keep machine functioning effectively and efficiently
Replace quickly and efficiently any part or process that did
not contribute to the objectives
Fayols Administrative Theory
Fourteen Principles of Management (Tools for Accomplishing Objectives)
Division of work - limited set of tasks
Authority and Responsibility - right to give orders
Discipline - agreements and sanctions
Unity of Command - only one supervisor
Unity of Direction - one manager per set of activities
Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest
Remuneration of Personnel - fair price for services
Centralization - reduce importance of subordinates role
Scalar Chain - Fayols bridge
Order - effective and efficient operations
Equity - kindliness and justice
Stability of Tenure of Personnel - sufficient time for familiarity
Initiative - managers should rely on workers initiative
Esprit de corps - union is strength loyal members
Fayols Administrative Theory
Positioned communication as a necessary ingredient to
successful management