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OWR00001 General Description of 3G

ISSUE 1.0

Wireless Curriculum Development Section


Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Development of Mobile Communications

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation


1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)

GSM UMTS
AMPS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95
Voice to Broadband CDMA
Analog to Digital
2000
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC

3G provides:
Complete integrated service solutions
High bandwidth
Unified air interface
Best spectral efficiency and
a step towards PCS

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Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000

1985: FPLMTS, renamed as IMT-2000 in 1996


1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in WRC92
1999.3: Key parameters of IMT-2000 RTT were completed
1999.11: Technical specifications of IMT-2000 RTT were
completed
2000: All the network standards of IMT2000 were
completed
Family concept was adopted in network part
Standardization organizations such as 3GPP(1998.12),
3GPP2 (1999) were established

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Target of IMT-2000

Global uniform frequency band and standard, global


seamless coverage
High efficient spectrum utility
High quality of service, high security
Easy for evolution from 2G system
Providing multimedia service
Car speed environment: 144kbps
Walk speed environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2048kbps

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Standards for 3G

CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode

WCDMA TD-SCDMA
3GPP 3G system CWTS
FDD/TDD mode TDD mode

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Spectrum Allocation of IMT-2000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250


2010 MHz

ITU IMT 2000 MSS


IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS

1805 MHz 1880 MHz 1980 MHz

cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2) 2025MHz

GSM FDD TDD FDD


China 1800
CDMA
WLL WLL
CDMA
WLL
1920

1945

1960

1980
1865

1885

1895

1918

2170 MHz

Japan C PHS IMT A2000 MSS


B IMT A2000 MSS
1865
1870

1885
1890

1930

1945

1975
1965
1895

1970
1910

1990 MHz 2165 MHz


PCS
USA A D B EF C A D B EF C MSS Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 220 225


0 0

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3G Spectrum (After WARC2000)

800 850 900 950 1000 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700

* *
ITU Identifications IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS
IMT 2000 IMT 2000 IMT 2000

DECT
Europe GSM GSM 1800
UMTS MSS UMTS MSS
UMTS

China** Cellular GSM IMT 2000 IMT 2000 MSS


[GSM 1800, PCS] MSS
IMT 2000

Japan,
PHS

Korea (w/o PHS) PDC IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS
IMT 2000

PCS
Cellular IMT-
UPCS

Americas*** 2000 A D B EF C A D B EF C
MSS
Reserve
MSS
IMT 2000

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QoS Requirements of Different Services

Quality (BER)

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time delay

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Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

2.1 Radio Transmission Environment

2.2 Multiple Access Technology and


Duplex Technology

2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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Multi-path Environment

Transmitted
signal

Received
signal

Time

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Fading

Transmitted Signal

Received Signal
0
-5
-10
-15
dB

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

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Fading

Received Power(dBm)

-20 Fast fading

Slow fading

-40

-60

Distance(m)
10 20 30
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Frequency Selection of Fading

P(f) P(f)

Fading
Narrowband
System
f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

P(f) P(f)

Fadin
g
Broadband
System f f
Transmit Signal Received Signal

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Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

2.1 Radio Transmission Environment

2.2 Multiple Access Technology and


Duplex Technology

2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology

Multiple access technology


Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Duplex technology
Time division duplex (TDD)
Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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Multiple Access Technology and Duplex
Technology

CDMA Traffic channels: different


users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000

TDMA

Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM

FDMA

Traffic channels: different frequency bands


Power
are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
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Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency


Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference

Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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Processing Procedure of CDMA System

Source Channel
Spreading Modulation
coding coding

Radio channel

Source Channel Despreading Demodulation


decoding decoding

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Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

2.1 Radio Transmission Environment

2.2 Multiple Access Technology and


Duplex Technology

2.3 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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correlation

Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two


arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
+1
0
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 1 -1 -1
+1 1 1 1 1
0 1 correlation
-1 Identical signals

+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1
11 11
+1 -1 1 -1 1
0 Zero correlation
-1 Orthogonal signals

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OVSF&Walsh
Creating the orthogonal code sequences

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

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Autocorrelation

Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1

Correlation
Delay time sequence correlation
0 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1/7
2 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1/7
3 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1/7
4 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1/7
5 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1/7
Delay time (chip) 6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1/7

Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.

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Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA

clong,1,n
MSB LSB

clong,2,n

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Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)
Symbol

1
Data
-1

Chip
Spreading
Spreading code 1
-1

Spreading signal 1
=Datacode -1

Despreading
1
Spreading code
-1

Data 1
=Spreadingcode -1

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Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)
Desired signal

1
Desired spreading signal
-1
1
Spreading code
-1

1
Data after despreading
-1
8
Data after integration
-8

Other users signal

Other spreading signal

Other signal after despreading


1
-1
8
Other signal after integration -8

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading

P(f) Spreading code


P(f)

f P(f)
f
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
f

Noise

Recovered signal Signal Noise+Broadband signal


P(f) Combination
P(f)

f
f Spreading code

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Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1

Correlator 2 Combiner The combined


Receive set signal
Correlator 3

Searcher correlator Calculate the


time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance


the receive performance of the system

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Structure of RAKE Receiver

Input signal
I
Phase Delay I I
Correlator
Q Equalizer
Rotator

Code Channel Q
generators estimator Q

Combiner
Path 1

Path 2

Path 3


Matched
Filter

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Advantages of CDMA
RAKE receiver is adopted
The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is
efficiently used.
frequency diversity
Wideband frequency spectrum
Higher interference tolerance and security performance
Low signal transmission power
Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely different
bit rate and QoS requirement.
Different spreading factors for different services with different data
rates
High spectral efficiency
All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.
Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
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Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Introduction to Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated
signals for combining

Reduce the effects of fading


fast fading caused by multipath
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
Macroscopic diversity
Soft handover and softer handover
Reduce large-scale fading
Microscopic diversity

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Microscopic Diversity

Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Receive diversity
Transmit diversity
Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization

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Basic Combining Methods

Maximal-Ratio Combiner
The mutipath signals are weighted proportional to their
signal SNR and then summed.
Equal-Gain Combiner
Equal-gain combining is similar to maximal-ratio
combining, but there is no attempt to weight the signal
before addition.
Selection Combiner
Choose the signal with the highest instantaneous quality,
so the output quality is equal to that of the best incoming
signal.

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Smart Antenna

Reduce interference
Increase coverage and capacity

interference

Wanted signal

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Smart Antenna

Omni antenna Directional antenna Smart antenna

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Course Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods

Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Channel bandwidth: 5MHz


Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Frame length: 10ms
Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
Handover: soft/hard handover
Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB
operation

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Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000


Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode
Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share
Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode
Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open loop,
out loop power control
Fully support UE locating services

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WCDMA Voice Evolution

Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of


4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve
system capacity
Provide high fidelity voice mode
Fast power control

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Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

Support maximum 2Mbps data service


Support packet switch
Adopt ATM platform currently
Provide QoS
Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share
Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better
Provide mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP addresses)
TFCI domain provides dynamic data rate
Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric
data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

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