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Transformers

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TRANSFORMERS

22 July 2017 PMI Revision 00 2


Presentation outline
Need
Working Principle
Types of Transformers
Construction Features
Transformers Accessories
Major Transformers in Power Plants
Transformer Losses
Condition Monitoring of Transformers
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WHY TRANSFORMER
TO OPTIMISE COST OF BULK TRANSMISSION OF
POWER FROM GENERATORS TO CONSUMERS
REDUCTION IN TRANSMISSION LOSS
TO REDUCE OR INCREASE VOLTAGE IN AC
SYSTEM
ENABLES SAFE SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO
CONSUMERS
ISOLATION OF TWO SYSTEMS FOR VOLTAGE
REGULATION

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Definition of Transformer as per Stds

IEC 60076-1

A static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by


electromagnetic induction, transforms a system of alternating voltage and
current into another system of voltage and current usually of different
values and at the same frequency for the purpose of transmitting electrical
power.

IEEE C57.12.80-2002
A static device consisting of a winding, or two or more coupled windings
with or without a magnetic core for introducing mutual coupling between
electrical circuits.

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What are the Types of Transformers

Power transformers : Used in transmission


network of higher voltages, deployed for step-up
and step down transformer application (400 kV,
200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV,22kV)

Distribution transformers: Used for lower voltage


distribution networks as a means to end user
connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V)

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Working Principle
If a time-varying voltage is applied to the primary winding of
turns, a current will flow in it producing a magnetomotive force
(MMF). Just as an electromotive force (EMF) drives current
around an electric circuit, so MMF tries to drive magnetic flux
through a magnetic circuit. The primary MMF produces a
varying magnetic flux in the core, and, with an open circuit
secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force (EMF).
In accordance with Faraday's law of induction, the voltage
induced across the primary winding is proportional to the rate
of change of flux:

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Working Principle

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
where
Vp and Vs are the voltages across the primary
winding and secondary winding,
Np and Ns are the numbers of turns in the primary
winding and secondary winding,
dP / dt and dS / dt are the derivatives of the flux
with respect to time of the primary and secondary
windings.

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Classifications
Transformers are adapted to numerous engineering applications
and may be classified in many ways:
By power level:
(from fraction of a volt-ampere(VA) to over a thousand MVA),
By application:
(power supply, impedance matching, circuit isolation),
By frequency range:
(power, audio, radio frequency(RF))
By voltage class:
(a few volts to about 765 kilovolts)

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Classifications
By cooling type:
(air cooled, oil filled, fan cooled, water cooled (Natural/ Forced) etc.)
By purpose:
(distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc.).
By ratio of the number of turns in the coils
Step-up The secondary has more turns than the primary.
Step-down The secondary has fewer turns than the primary.
Connection :
Single phase, Star / star, Star delta etc
Construction :
Core Type Shell Type

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Basic Components of a
Transformer
Current conductors Primary & Secondary
Windings
Magnetic flux conductor - Laminated Steel
Core
and also

Insulation
Cooling
Protection
Supporting accessories

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COMPONENTS - CORE

Core

-The conductor for the flux


-The skeleton for mechanical rigidity of the active part
-The core, an unbroken path for magnetic flux

CRGO or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Steel is available in various grades


(generally called M3, M4, M5 & M6).

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Core
In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of
sheet steel lamination to provide continuous magnetic
path with a minimum of air gap. The steel used should
have high permeability and a low hysterisis loss at the
usual operating flux densities. The eddy currents loss is
minimised by laminating the core with the laminations
being insulating from each other by a high coat of core
plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface. The
thickness of laminations vary from 0.30 mm to 0.5mm

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Types
The transformers are of two general types distinguished
from each other by the manner in which the primary and
secondary coils are placed around the laminated steel
core. They are
(a) shell type and
(b) core type.

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Transformer Construction

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CORE Type Transformer

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SHELL Type Transformer

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Transformer Insulation

Minor insulation Like inter turn insulation, is achieved using


cellulogic paper.
Major insulation Between primary and secondary, phase to
phase and inner coil to core. This is achieved by Bakelite,
wooden blocks, cellulogic paper cylinders.
Transformer Oil: derivative or petroleum crude. This has good
dielectric strength.
also a good cooling medium and absorbs heat from the
windings in transformer.

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Transformer Insulation

Thus mineral oil has a flash point of 140C and 160C fire point.
This also 'can Sustain the combustion with its own energy, once
it catches fire. Thus this is unsuitable for the transformer located
indoors.
The indoor transformers are filled with a synthetic liquid known
as silicate liquid. This is fire assistant and has flash point well
above 300C.

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Transformer Oil

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Minimum Safe Values
BDV of Oil : 30 KV at 2.5 mm Gap
Moisture content : 20 ppm
Resistivity at 90C : 0.1x10^12 ohmxcm
Tan Delta at 90C : 0.2
If the values are poor, the equipment should be
reconditioned.
IR of Power Transformer : 500 M Ohm (30C), 250
Mohm (40C), 125 M Ohm ( 50C) & 65 M ohm (60C)
IR of Dist. Transformer : 400 M Ohm (30C), 200 Mohm
(40C), 100 M Ohm ( 50C) & 50 M ohm (60C)
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Accessories & Auxiliaries
Tap Changer(s)-(On load/Off load)
Tank
Radiators
cooling fans, oil pumps, oil to water heat exchangers
(Cooling ONAN / ONAF/ OFAF/ OFWF external coolers)
Bushings
Buchholz Relay/Oil Surge Relay
Temperature Indicators- WTI , OTI
Oil Level Indicators
Pressure Relief Device
Marshalling Box/Control cubicle
Oil Preservation Systems: Conservators (gas sealed,
Bellows/membrane sealed) Breathers
Thermo siphon Filters

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RADIATORS

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Buchholz Relay

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Buchholz's Relay
This has two Floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas
collecting space at top. This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between
conservator and main tank.This is the most dependable protection for a
given transformer.
Gas evolution at a slow rate, that is associated with minor faults inside the
transformers gives rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are
wired for alarm. There is a glass window with marking to read the volume
of gas collected in the relay. Any major fault in transformer creates a surge
and the surge element in the relay trips the transformer.size of the relay
varies with oil volume in the transformer and the mounting angle also is
specified for proper operation of the relay.

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BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION
Alarm element Operates When a specified volume of gas
gets collected in Chamber during

Broken down core bolt insulation


Shorted Laminations
Bad Contacts
Overheating of winding parts
Trip element Operates by Oil surge in the event of serious
fault
Short Circuit between Winding Phases or
within Windings
Puncture of Bushing

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Conservator
Conservator With the variation of temperature there is
corresponding variation in the oil volume. To account for this,
an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the
transformer with a connecting pipe to the main tank. In
smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere
through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger
transformers, an air bag is mounted inside the conservator with
the inside of bag open to atmosphere through the breathers
and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil
surface.

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Buchholtz relay

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SILICA GEL BREATHER

conservator

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Breather

Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly


hygroscopic. Paper being more hygroscopic than the mineral
oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper
insulation and causes reduction insulation strength of
transformer. To minimise this the conservator is allowed to
breathe only through the silicagel column, which absorbs
the moisture in air before it enters the-conservator air
surface.

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Pressure Relief Device/Expansion vent
Transformers tank is a pressure vessel as the inside
pressure can group steeply whenever there is a fault in
the windings and the surrounding oil is suddenly
vaporized. Tanks as such are tested for a pressure with
stand capacity of 0.35 Kg/ cm". To prevent bursting of
the tank, these tanks are in addition provided with
expansion vents with a thin diaphragm made of
bakelite/copper/glass at the end. In present day
transformers, pressure relief devices are replacing the
expansion vents. These are similar to safety valves on
boilers (spring loaded).

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Pressure Relief Device( PRD)

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Winding / Oil Temperature Indicator

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Temperature Indicators
Most of the transformer (small transformers have only
OTI) are provided with indicators that displace oil
temperature and winding temperature. There are
thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover
which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil temperature
measured is that of the top oil, where as the winding
temperature measurement is indirect. This is done by
adding the temperature rise
due to the heat produced in a heater coil (known as image coil)
when a current proportional to that flowing in windings is
passed in it to that or top oil. For proper functioning or OTI &
WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers pocket clean and
filled with oil.

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Cooling of Transformers
Heat is produced in the windings due to current flowing in the
conductors (I- R) and in the core on account of eddy currents
and hysteresis losses.
Types: ONAN, ONAF, OFAF, OFWF
Air Cooled: In small dry type transformer heat is dissipated
directly to the atmosphere.
Oil Cooled: In oil immersed transformers heat is dissipated by
thermo-syphon system action. The oil serves as the medium for
transferring the heat produced inside the transformer to the
outside atmosphere. Based on Thermo-syphon principle.

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Cooling of Transformers
Forced Oil forced Air: As the size of the transformer becomes
large, the rate of oil circulating by thermo syphon action
becomes insufficient to dissipate all the heat produced and an
artificial means of increasing the circulation have to be
adopted; namely forced oil circulation by electric pumps,
providing large radiators with forced air draft, cooling by
electric fans which are automatically switched on and off
depending upon the loading of transformer. In very large
transformers special coolers with water circulation may have
to be employed.

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Different transformers in a power
Plant
Generator Transformer (GT)
Station Transformer (ST)
Unit Auxiliary Transformer (UAT)
Excitation Transformer
Neutral Grounding Transformer
Auxiliary transformers
Tie / Auto transformer
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Generator Transformer
Generator Transformer The generator is connected to this
transformer by means of isolated bus ducts. This transformer
is used to step up the generating voltage of around 15KV to
grid voltage. This transformer is generally provided with OFAF
cooling. It is also provided with off circuit/on load taps on the
high voltage side. This transformer has elaborate cooling
system consisting of number of oil pumps and cooling fans
apart from various accessories.

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SPECIFICATION

STAGE -1 GT-Vindhyachal
RATED O/P 250MVA
RATED VOLT. (HV) 420KV
RATED VOLT. (LV) 15.75KV
RATED CURRENT(HV) 344A
RATED CURRENT(LV) 9175A

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Unit Auxiliary Transformer
The UAT draws its input from the main bus-duct
connecting generator to the generator Transformer. The total KVA
capacity of unit auxiliary transformer required can be determined
by assuming 0.85 power factor and 0.9 efficiency for total auxiliary
motor load. It is safe and desirable to provide about 20% excess
capacity than circulate so as to provide for miscellaneous
auxiliaries and possible increase in auxiliary load. With higher unit
ratings and higher steam conditions, the auxiliary power required
also increases and limitations imposed by the switchgear voltages
available, indicate the maximum size of unit auxiliary transformer
which can be used.

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GT (3X200 MVA)

GENERATOR

Unit Tx 21/11 K.V. (50 MVA)

7UA 7UB

SA SB
IN THE EVENT OF UNIT TRIPPING AUTO CHANGEOVER
FROM UT TO STATION WILL TAKE PLACE
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Station Transformers
The station transformer is required to feed power to the
auxiliaries during start ups. This transformer is normally
rated for the initial auxiliary load requirements of unit. In
typical cases, this load is of the order of 60% of the load at
full generating capacity. But in large stations where more
than one units are operating, the station transformers
should have sufficient capacity to start two units at a time
in addition to feeding the common auxiliaries. It is also
provided with on load tap changer to cater to the
fluctuating voltage of the grid.

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Instrument Transformers

. Step down values to safe levels for measurement


. Potential Transformers
. Also called voltage transformers
. Standard output 120V
. Current Transformers
. Standard output of 1 or 5 amps
. Metering and relaying standards
. Can produce high voltages if open circuited

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Transformer connections :
- Delta/Starused in Generating stations for Step-up.
- Star/Deltaused in Receiving stations for Step-down
* All GTs are Delta/Star connected.
All Tie T/Fs are Star/Star connected.

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STAR / STAR connection

STAR / DELTA connection

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STAR DELTA

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Transformer losses

1. Load loss (or copper loss)


2. No load loss (or iron loss)

The total transformer loss, PTOTAL, at any load


level can then be calculated from:
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (% Load)2 x PLOAD

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Transformer Loss vs. Load

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Winding resistance
Current flowing through the windings causes resistive heating
of the conductors (I2 R loss). At higher frequencies, skin
effect and proximity effect create additional winding
resistance and losses.
Magnetostriction
Magnetic flux in the core causes it to physically expand and
contract slightly with the alternating magnetic field, an
effect known as magnetostriction. This in turn causes losses
due to frictional heating in susceptible ferromagnetic cores.

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Stray losses
Not all the magnetic field produced by the primary is intercepted
by the secondary. A portion of the leakage flux may induce
eddy currents within nearby conductive objects, such as the
transformer's support structure, and be converted to heat.

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Copper Losses

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Core Losses

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On-Line Monitoring

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ON LINE MONITORING EQUIPMENT ON TRANSFORMER

1. DGA to be monitored on all transformers periodically. Periodicity depends on


the nature of evaluation of gases.

2. HYDRANE directly mounted on the transformer and in contact with


transformer oil.
The use of this device is to detect the change in fault gases, to monitor their
evolution. As an alarm is triggered oil is sampled from the transformer to
evaluate the nature and severity of the fault.

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7. ON LINE MONITORING EQUIPMENT ON TRANSFORMER
Contd.

3. Acoustic PD measurement.
In case DGA results indicate the presence of high discharges Acoustic PD
measurement is done.
Acoustic PD detector consists of sensor which can sense sound vibrations
produced due to occurrence of discharges in oil.
The sensor has pre-amplifier and filter circuit to eliminate environmental
noise

4 Infrared thermography
With the help of infrared thermo-vision camera, the thermo-image of
transformer is prepared
This scanning helps in detecting overheated zones, loose & corroded
connection.

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OFF LINE MONITORING
1. Frequency Response Analysis
Short circuit forces could move the winding.
Can also change winding inductance and capacitance.
Conventional tests are not sensitive to winding movement.
Such changes can be effectively detected by FRA
Method
Sweep frequency input is given in the winding.
Input & response recorded.
FFT analysis of response to obtain the finger print of the winding.
These finger prints are compared periodically to assess the condition of
winding.

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2. Recovery voltages measurement
It indicates the content of water in the insulation.
PRINCIPLE
Sample of discharged insulation
Charge with DC voltage and note time
Sample to be short circuited for predetermined period of time (
approximately half of the charged time)
Open the terminal and measure voltage.
3. Tan- & Capacitance by standard bridge.

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4. Resistance & magnetizing current.
5. Maintenance schedule call for daily , quarterly, yearly, two
yearly maintenance requirement. Over and above after 7 to 10
years, thorough overhauling and inspection of core-coil
assembly by lifting tank top cover / core-coil assembly
needed
In overhauling sludge deposited on coil is removed and coil
assembly which may become loose is tightened. All other
clampings & cleats etc. are also tightened

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THANK YOU

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