Analog TV

Broadcasting
Analog Broadcast TV
- broadcasting is the sending of video
information in an analog form.
- In an analog television broadcast,
the brightness, colors and sound
are represented by rapid variations
of either the amplitude,
frequency or phase of the signal.
Analog Broadcast TV
Some of the common analog
broadcast formats include:
NTSC (National Television System
Committee) American Standard
PAL (Phase Alternating Line)
European Standard
SECAM
(Squentielcouleurmmoire)
How Traditional Analog Television Works
Analog television transmits programming in a continuous
signal. This signal varies in amplitude, depending on the
information contained in the picture.

Its kind of how music was transcribed onto vinyl records; the
television signal goes up and down depending on whats being
broadcast.
How Traditional Analog Television Works

Analog television transmits in a continuous

signal that varies in amplitude.
How Traditional Analog Television Works
This analog signal is
transmitted on a
particular radio
frequency, from the
television stations
transmitting antenna
over the air to the
receiving antenna
connected to your TV set.
How Traditional Analog Television Works
Each television station is assigned a particular frequency that
corresponds to its channel number. When you tune your TV to
a given channel, youre actually choosing to receive
transmissions on that particular frequency.
 How Traditional Analog Television Works
Unfortunately, this analog signal is
far from perfect. It might not always
exactly reproduce the original
programming. It can easily
deteriorate over long distances. And
it can also suffer interference from
other sources, producing ghost
images, static, and snow.

Ghosting in an analog TV broadcast

 How Traditional Analog Television Works
Common causes of ghosts (in the more specific sense) are:

Mismatched impedance along the communication channel, which

causes unwanted reflections.
Multipath distortion, because radio frequency waves may take
paths of different length (by reflecting from buildings, transmission
lines, aircraft, clouds, etc.) to reach the receiver.
How Traditional Analog Television Works

Ideal situation for TV signal propagation: The signal leaves

the transmitter (TX) and travels through one path to the receiver
(the TV set, which is labeled RX).
How Traditional Analog Television Works

An object (an aircraft) complicates the system by adding a second

path. The signal arrives at RX by two paths which have different
lengths. The main path is the direct path, while the second is a
reflection from the plane.
 How Traditional Analog Television Works
Note that ghosts are a problem specific to the video portion of
television, largely because it uses AM for transmission.
TV is broadcast on VHF and UHF, which have line-of-sight
propagation, and easily reflect off of buildings, mountains, and
other objects.
The audio portion uses FM, which has the desirable property that a
stronger signal tends to overpower interference from weaker
signals due to the capture effect. Even when ghosts are particularly
bad in the picture, there may be little audio interference.
 How Traditional Analog Television Works
Note that ghosts are a problem specific to the video portion of
television, largely because it uses AM for transmission.
TV is broadcast on VHF and UHF, which have line-of-sight
propagation, and easily reflect off of buildings, mountains, and
other objects.
The audio portion uses FM, which has the desirable property that a
stronger signal tends to overpower interference from weaker
signals due to the capture effect. Even when ghosts are particularly
bad in the picture, there may be little audio interference.
 How Traditional Analog Television Works

Analog television is inefficient. Each VHF or UHF channel takes up a

lot of valuable bandwidth. The more efficient digital technology can
FIT FOUR OR MORE CHANNELS into a single analog channel. And that
has many potential benefits.
TV Transmitter Block Diagram
PAOLO AURE
Singit yung mga mahahalagang transmitter characteristics sa
kbp manual***
Visual and aural
- Pati pa ba yung xmitter antenna characteristic???????? Kaw na
bahala brodie
- Xmitter locations??

- Sa reciever characterstics wala sa kbpmanual. Wak na un??

TV Receiver Block Diagram
Television Broadcast Band
54 to 890 MHz are assignable to TV Broadcasting stations

54 72 MHz: for Ch. 2 4

76 88 MHz: for Ch. 5 and 6
174 216 MHz: for Ch. 7 13
470 890 MHz: for Ch. 14 83
Television Channel
A band of frequencies 6 MHz wide in the television broadcast
band are designated either by number of by extreme lower
and upper frequencies.

Channel 62 69 shall not be assigned in Metro Manila or

Metro Cebu or in any city where VHF channels 2 13 and UHF
channels 21 32 are allocated or assignable.
Television Channel
Aural Center Frequency
a. The average frequency of the emitted wave when modulated
by a sinusoidal signal.
b.The frequency of the emitted wave without modulation
Visual Carrier Frequency
- The frequency of the carrier which is modulated by the picture
information.
VHF Television Channels
Metro Manila Analog TV Channels - VHF
Callsign Ch. # Channel name Launch

DWWX-TV TV-2 ABS-CBN 1969 (original frequency ch.2 1953-1969)

DWGT-TV TV-4 PTV-4 1974

DWET-TV TV-5 TV5 1962/1992/2008

DZBB-TV TV-7 GMA-7 1961

DZKB-TV TV-9 CNN Philippines (RPN-9) 1969

DZOE-TV TV-11 GMA News TV 1998 (frequency used by MBC from 1960-72)

DZTV-TV TV-13 IBC-13 1960

UHF Television Channels
Metro Manila Analog TV Channels - UHF
Callsign Ch. # Channel name Launch
DWCP-TV TV-21 ETC (SBN-21) 1992

DWAC-TV TV-23 Sports + Action 1996/2014

DZEC-TV TV-25 Net 25 1999
DZRJ-TV TV-29 2nd Avenue (RJTV-29) 1993
DWKC-TV TV-31 BEAM TV 31 1992/2011
DZOZ-TV TV-33 Light Network 2008
DWAO-TV TV-37 UNTV 1999/2001/2004
DWBP-TV TV-39 SMNI 2005
DWNB-TV TV-41 Aksyon TV 2001/2011
DWVN-TV TV-45 3ABN Philippines 2001
DZCE-TV TV-49 INC-TV 49 2005/2012
Reasons for Digital TV Shifting
Digital TV Means Better Picture and Sound
Reasons for Digital TV Shifting
Digital TV Means More Channels