Chap 3

Direct stress Deformation - Design

 Chapter 1: We can compute stress
Chapter 2: We know the properties of materials
Our goal
Specify or determine by calculation a suitable material from which to make the member, its
shape, and the dimensions required to carry a given load safely.
Different types of loading static loads, repeated loads, impact, and shock
Consider the design of members under direct stresses: axial tensile stress, axial compressive
stress, bearing stress, and direct shear stress.
Learn how to select a reasonable design factor, N, and to apply it to the appropriate material
properties to ensure that the member experiences a safe level of stress during its use.
Learn to consider stress concentrations for axially loaded members in which abrupt changes
in cross section occur.
In addition, you will learn how to compute the deformation of axially loaded members due to
both stress and thermal expansion.
Consider a system and list

the material from which the member is made as well as its

shape. (We will discuss examples about calculations)

Types of loading: static loads, repeated loads, impact, and

shock

Type of direct stresses: axial tensile stress, axial

compressive stress, bearing stress, and direct shear stress.

Discuss when failure can occur


= =

Valid if
The loaded member must be straight.

The loaded member must have a uniform cross section over the length under consideration.

The material from which the member is made must be homogeneous.

The load must be applied along the centroidal axis of the member so there is notendency to bend it.

Compression members must be short so that there is no tendency to buckle. (See Chapter 11 for the
special analysis required for long, slender members under compressive stress and for the method to
decide when a member is to be considered long or short.)
Design to prevent failure:
Failure occurs in a load-carrying member when it breaks or deforms excessively, rendering it unacceptable
for the intended purpose.
Therefore, it is essential that the level of applied stress never exceed the ultimate tensile strength or the
yield strength of the material.
Design stress is that level of stress that may be developed in a material while ensuring that the loaded
member is safe.
Ultimate tensile strength is measured by the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being
stretched or pulled before breaking
Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to
deform plastically. Yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins
The design factor N is a number by which the reported strength of a material is divided to obtain the design
stress d
The choice of a design factor
depends on 12 conditions.
Codes and Standards
Material Strength Basis
Type of Material
Manner of Loading
Possible Misuse of the Part
Complexity of Stress Analysis
Market Segment in Which the Part Is to Be Used
Environment
Size Effect, Sometimes Called Mass Effect
Quality Control
Hazard Presented by a Failure
Cost
A tensile member for a roof truss for a building is to carry a static axial tensile load of 19 800 lb. It
has been proposed that a standard, equal-leg structural steel angle be used for this application using
ASTM A36 structural steel. Use the AISC code.
Take 10 minutes to go over Examples 3-4, 3-3, and 3-1
make sure everything is clear!