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Computer Networks: A
Business User’s Approach
Chapter 14
Network Design and Management
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Data Communications and Computer Networks
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Introduction
Properly designing a computer network is a difficult task. It
requires planning and analysis, feasibility studies, capacity
planning, and baseline creation skills.
Performing network management is difficult too. A network
manager must possess computer and people skills, management
skills, financial skills, and be able to keep up with changing
technology.
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Network Modeling
When updating or creating a new computer system, the analyst
will create a set of models for both the existing system (if there
is one) and the proposed system.
Network models can either demonstrate the current state of the
network or can model the desired computer network.
A location connectivity diagram is a network modeling tool that
depicts the various locations involved in a a network and the
interconnections between those locations.
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Network Modeling
An overview location connectivity diagram shows the big
picture of geographic locations of network facilities.
External users and mobile users can be identified, as well as the
locations primary to a business.
A detailed location connectivity diagram is a close-up model of
a single location and the networks that reside at the location.
Working groups and the distances between those groups can be
identified with a detailed diagram. 11
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Feasibility Studies
There are a number of ways to determine if a proposed system
is going to be feasible.
Technically feasible means the proposed system can be created
and implemented using currently existing technology.
It can be done.
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Note profit
at 6th year
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Capacity Planning
Capacity planning involves trying to determine the amount of
network bandwidth necessary to support an application or a set
of applications.
A number of techniques exist for performing capacity planning,
including linear projection, computer simulation, benchmarking,
and analytical modeling.
Linear projection involves predicting one or more network
capacities based on the current network parameters and
multiplying by some constant. 19
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Capacity Planning
A computer simulation involves modeling an existing system or
proposed system using a computer-based simulation tool.
Benchmarking involves generating system statistics under a
controlled environment and then comparing those statistics
against known measurements.
Analytical modeling involves the creation of mathematical
equations to calculate various network values.
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Creating a Baseline
Involves the measurement and recording of a network’s state of
operation over a given period of time.
A baseline can be used to determine current network
performance and to help determine future network needs.
Baseline studies should be ongoing projects, and not something
started and stopped every so many years.
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Creating a Baseline
To perform a baseline study, you should:
• Collect information on number and type of system nodes,
including workstations, routers, bridges, switches, hubs, and
servers.
• Create an up-to-date roadmap of all nodes along with model
numbers, serial numbers and any address information such as IP
or Ethernet addresses.
• Collect information on operational protocols used throughout
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the system.
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Creating a Baseline
To perform a baseline study, you should:
• List all network applications, including the number, type and
utilization level.
• Create a fairly extensive list of statistics to help meet your
goals. These statistics can include average network utilization,
peak network utilization, average frame size, peak frame size,
average frames per second, peak frames per second, total
network collisions, network collisions per second, total runts,
total jabbers, total CRC errors, and nodes with highest 23
percentage of utilization.
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Generating Useable Statistics
Availability is the probability that a particular component or
system will be available during a fixed time period.
in which: a = 1/MTTR
b = 1/MTBF
e = natural log function
t = the time interval
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Generating Useable Statistics
Suppose we want to calculate the availability of a modem that has a
MTBF of 3000 hours and a MTTR of 1 hour. The availability of
this modem for an 8-hour period is:
a = 1/1
b = 1/3000 = 0.00033
A(8 hours) =1/(1 + 0.00033) + 0.00033/(1 + 0.00033) x e-(1 + 0.00033)8
= 0.9997 + 0.00033 x 0.000335
= 0.9997
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R(t) = e –bt
R(0) = e –0 = 1
in which: b = 1/MTBF
t = the time interval of the operation
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Managing Operations
There are many services and functions available to assist an
individual in managing computer network operations.
One of the more useful is Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP).
SNMP is an industry standard designed to manage network
components from a remote location.
Currently in version 3, SNMP supports agents, managers, and
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Managing Operations
A managed element has management software, called an agent,
running in it.
A second object, the SNMP manager, controls the operations of
a managed element and maintains a database of information
about all managed elements.
A manager can query an agent to return current operating
values, or can instruct an agent to perform a particular action.
The Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of
information that is organized hierarchically and describes the 34
operating parameters of all managed agents.
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Managing Operations
SNMP operates on a network between the application layer and
the UDP/IP layer (not TCP/IP) – the transport layer.
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