A

Dissertation
on
Modeling and Simulation for Solar PV cell Performance with Changing Irradiance ,
Temperature and MPPT Algorithms with Three-Phase Grid-Connected
Photovoltaic System

Presented By: Thesis Guide:

Ms. Anjali Yadav Mr. Anil kumar
Roll No.12014015 Assistant Professor
M.Tech (EE) Deptt. of Electrical
Engg.
SET,IFTM University SET,IFTM University
Moradabad Moradabad

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 Introduction
In this Dissertation work, I present a Simulation model of
photovoltaic module and by using them on MATLAB, I obtain
V-I and P-V characteristics of PV module. The V-I and P-V
characteristics are obtained for variable temperature at various
solar Irradiations. This investigates the effect of varying solar
irradiation on the parameters of photovoltaic (PV) module.
The effect of Fill factor on efficiency is analyzed as well. There
are different types of algorithm techniques for maximum power
point tracking. Simulation result as graph of irradiance versus
Fill factor is well plotted to attain higher efficiency.

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 Background
The overall performance of solar cell varies with varying
Irradiance and Temperature .With the change in the time of the
day the power received from the Sun by the PV panel changes.
Not only this both irradiance and temperature affect solar cell
efficiency as well as corresponding Fill factor also changes.
This gives an idea about how the solar cell performance changes
with the change in above mentioned factors in reality and the
result is shown by conducting a number of experiments.
Different forms of renewable energies have been discussed
along with the most important one, the solar energy.
The P-V, I-V, P-I curves have been obtained at varying
irradiation levels and temperatures.

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 Objectives
The Key objective of Simulation work done are stated below -

To develop the photovoltaic system for Changing irradiation and

Changing temperature.

To develop the photovoltaic system with MPPT.

Comparative simulation study of two important MPPT algorithms

specifically perturb and observe and incremental conductance.

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Simulink Model for Photovoltaic Array

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 Effect of Irradiance and
Temperature
The term Irradiance is defined as the measure of power density of sunlight
received at a location on the earth and is measured in watt per meter square.

Whereas irradiation is the measure of energy density of sunlight .The term

Irradiance and Irradiation are related to solar components. As the solar
irradiation keeps on changing throughout the day similarly I-V and P-V
characteristics varies.

With the increasing solar irradiance both the open circuit voltage and the
short circuit current increases and hence the maximum power point varies .

As the temperature increases the rate of photon generation increases thus

reverse saturation current increases rapidly and this reduces the band gap.
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 PV & IV Curve
To develop the photovoltaic system for Changing irradiation and
Changing temperature. The following curves have been plotted to analyze
the maximum power points

I-V characteristics with varying irradiation and varying temperature

P-V characteristics with varying irradiation and varying temperature
I-V characteristics with varying irradiation and constant temperature
P-V characteristics with varying irradiation and constant temperature
I-V characteristics with constant irradiation and varying temperature
P-V characteristics with constant irradiation and varying temperature

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 I-V curve constant Irradiation(1000W/Sq-m)-constant
temperature(25C)

P-V curve constant irradiation(1000W/Sq-m) constant

temperature(25C)
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P-V curve Varying irradiation Constant
temperature(25C)

I-V curve Varying Irradiation Constant

temperature(25C)

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 I-V curve Constant irradiation(1000W/Sq-m)-Varying
temperature

P-V curve Constant irradiation(1000W/Sq-m)-Varying

temperature
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 I-V curve Varying irradiation -Varying temperature

P-V curve Varying irradiation-Varying temperature

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 Graph of irradiance vs. Fill Factor.

The fill factor is denoted as FF, is a parameter that helps in characterizing the non-
linear electrical nature of the solar cell. Fill factor is defined as the ratio of the
maximum power from the solar cell to the product of Voc and Isc, and it gives an idea
about the power that a cell can produce with an optimal load under given conditions,
P=FF*Voc*Isc.
Fill factor is also an indicator of quality of cell. With FF approaching towards unity
the quality of cell gets better.

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 Observation table
Table 1. Constant irradiation and varying temperature

Table 2. Varying irradiation and varying temperature

Table 3. Varying irradiation and Constant temperature

Table 4. Varying irradiation and Constant temperature

Table 5. Comparative study of Solar Cell with respect to Fill factor

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 Table 1. Constant irradiation and varying temperature

CURRENT POWER
SL.No SET: 1 VOLTAGE
(mA) (WATTS)
0
1 0 2.585(Isc)
12.91
2 5 2.583
Irradiance: 1000 25.32
3 watt/m2 10 2.532
33.79(Pmax)
4 Temp: 25C 15(Voc) 2.253
0
1 0 2.542(Isc)
12.71
2 5 2.542
Irradiance: 1000 25.32
3 watt/m2 10 2.532
33 (Pmax)
4 Temp: 50C 15(Voc) 2.2
0
1 0 2.5(Isc)
12.5
2 5 2.5
Irradiance: 1000 24.98
3 watt/m2 10 2.498
36.48(Pmax)
4 Temp: 75C 15(Voc) 2.432

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Table 2. Varying irradiation and varying temperature
CURRENT POWER
SL.No SET: 2 VOLTAGE
(mA) (WATTS)

1 0 0.5(Isc) 0

2 5 0.5 2.5
Irradiance:
3 200 watt/m2 10 0.4984 4.984

4 Temp: 25C 15(Voc) 0.4412 6.618(Pmax)

1 0 1.525(Isc) 0

2 5 1.525 7.625
Irradiance:
3 600 watt/m2 10 1.516 15.16

4 Temp: 50C 15(Voc) 1.255 18.82(Pmax)

1 0 2.585 0

2 5 2.583 12.91
Irradiance:
3 1000 watt/m2 10 2.537 25.37

4 Temp: 75C 15(Voc) 1.597 23.95(Pmax)

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 Table 3. Varying irradiation and Constant temperature
CURRENT POWER
SL.No SET: 1 VOLTAGE
(mA) (WATTS)
1 0 0.5(Isc) 0

2 5 0.5 2.5
Irradiance: 200
3 watt/m2 10 0.4984 4.984

4 Temp: 25C 15(Voc) 0.4412 6.618(Pmax)

1 0 1.5(Isc) 0

2 5 1.5 7.5
Irradiance: 600
3 watt/m2 10 1.498 14.98

4 Temp: 25C 15(Voc) 1.437 21.555(Pmax)

1 0 2.5(Isc) 0

2 5 2.5 12.5
Irradiance:
3 1000 watt/m2 10 2.498 24.98

4 Temp: 25C 15(Voc) 2.432 36.48(Pmax)

5 20(Voc) 0.3575 7.15

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 Table 4. Varying Irradiation and Constant temperature
CURRENT POWER
SL.No SET: 1 VOLTAGE
(mA) (WATTS)

1 1.6 2.5(Isc) 4

2 4.2 2.5 10.5

Irradiance:
3 200 watt/m2 6.8 2.5 17

4 Temp: 25C 9.4(Voc) 2. 499 23.49

5 12 2.492 29.90

6 14.6 2. 499 36.48

Irradiance:
7 600 watt/m2 17.2 2.175 37.41(Pmax)

8 Temp: 25C 19.8(Voc) 0.6108 12.09

Table 5 Comparative study of Solar Cell with respect to Fill factor

IRRADIANCE FILL
SL NO Pmax
( Watt/m2) Voc Isc FACTOR

6.618
1 200 15 0.5 0.88
21.55
2 600 15 1.5 0.95
25.37
3 1000 20 1.2 1.05 17
 MPPT
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that grid
connected inverters, solar equipments and similar devices use to get the
maximum possible power from one or more photovoltaic devices,
typically solar panels .

The purpose of the MPPT system to sample the output of the cells and
apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power for any
given environmental conditions.

MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power converter

system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and
regulation for driving various loads, including power grids, batteries,
or motors.

Classification of MPPT
1.Perturb and observe
2. Incremental conductance
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 Perturb and Observe MPPT
Algorithm
In this method the controller adjusts the voltage by a small
amount from the array and measures power, if the power
increases, further adjustments in that direction are tried until
power no longer increases.

Perturb and observe method may result in top-level

efficiency, provided that a proper predictive and adaptive hill
climbing strategy is adopted.

It is referred to as a hill climbing method, because it depends

on the rise of the curve of power against voltage below the
maximum power point, and the fall above that point.
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 Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm

In the incremental conductance method, the controller measures incremental

changes in array current and voltage to predict the effect of a voltage change.
This method requires more computation in the controller, but can track
changing conditions more rapidly than the perturb and observe method (P&O).
It can produce oscillations in power output.
This method utilizes the incremental conductance (dI/dV) of the photovoltaic
array to compute the sign of the change in power with respect to voltage
(dP/dV) .
The incremental conductance method computes the maximum power point by
comparison of the incremental conductance (I / V) to the array
conductance (I / V).
When these two are the same (I / V = I / V), the output voltage is the MPP
voltage , the controller maintains this voltage until the irradiation changes and
the process is repeated.

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21
IDEAL CURRENT

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Simulated I-V Curve of P-V Module

Simulated P-V Curve of P-V Module

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Three Phase V-I Graph

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Simulink Model of P & O

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Simulated I-V Curve of P-V Module

Simulated P-V Curve of P-V Module

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Ideal current Graph

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Three Phase V-I Graph

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Simulation results of P&O MPPT algorithm
The simulation results of P&O MPPT algorithm are illustrated in the previous slides. The
results show that the current output of 0.073 amperes and the voltage output of 198 votls
and output power of 2.6 watts for a time period of 0.0175 seconds.
Simulink Model of Incremental Conductance Algorithm
The simulation results of InC MPPT algorithm are illustrated in the previous slides. The
results show that the output current varies from 0.093A to 0.087A and the output voltage
varies from 81V to 239V and an output power varies from 4.7 W to 3.7 W for a time
period of 0.1 seconds.
Comparison between P&O and InC MPPTAlgorithms
The P & O and InC MPPT algorithms are simulated and compared using the same
conditions. When atmospheric conditions are constant or change slowly, the P&O MPPT
oscillates close to MPP but InC finds the MPP accurately at changing atmospheric
conditions also. Comparisons between the two algorithms for various parameters are
given below:

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 Comparison between P&O and InC MPPT
Algorithms for
Photovoltaic Applications
In this mathematical model of a 70W photovoltaic panel has been developed
using MATLAB SIMULINK.

This model is used for the maximum power point tracking algorithms.

The P&O and Incremental conductance MPPT algorithms are discussed and their
simulation results are presented.

It is proved that Incremental conductance method has better performance than

P&O algorithm.

These algorithms improve the dynamics and steady state performance of the
photovoltaic system as well as it improves the efficiency of the BUCK BOOST
converter system.

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 CONCLUSION
In this dissertation work SIMULINK model of photovoltaic Array in
MATLAB/SIMULINK is implemented using MATLAB. The simulation
results are obtain for photovoltaic Array by changing irradiation and
temperature show performance characteristics of PV array. The maximum
power points obtain and the fill factor is calculated out at every instant and
is shown in graph of Irradiance Versus Fill factor . Hence by the result
observed higher efficiency can be achieved. This dissertation work presents
the effects of varying temperature and irradiance on the solar energy
generation based on the Fundamental circuit equations of a solar PV cell
model. The model produces various curves for I-V and P-V characteristics.

Thus, an increase in irradiance at constant temperature, the voltage and

current output also increases .
Whereas, at constant irradiance, an increase in temperature decreases the
power output from PV array.

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 FUTURE WORK

To develop the photovoltaic with grid in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

To simulate the photovoltaic with grid.

To develop the wind system in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

To simulate the wind system in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

To simulate the photovoltaic and wind hybrid system in SIMULINK

To develop an energy storage (SMES) model in SIMULINK

To simulate a hybrid system with energy storage (SMES)

To compare the voltage output of the hybrid system, with and without SMES

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 References
1.Jiyong Li and Honghua Wang, A Novel Stand-alone PV generation System based on Variable
Step Size INC MPPT and SVPWM control, Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference,
2009. IPEMC '09. IEEE 6th International, July 2009, pp. 2155 - 2160.
2. Zeng, Q., Chang L. and Song, P., SVPWM-based Current controller with Grid Harmonic
Compensation for three-phase grid connected VSI, Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th Annual, vol. 4, April 2005 pp. 2494 - 2500.
3. Villalva, M.G., Gazoli, J.R. and Filho, E.R.; Modeling and circuit-based simulation of
photovoltaic arrays, Power Electronics Conference, IEEE 2009. COBEP '09. Brazilian, December
2009, pp. 1244 - 1254.
4.Zhou Dejia, Zhao Zhengming, Eltawil, M. and Yuan Liqiang; Design and control of a Three-
phase Grid connected Photovoltaic system with developed Maximum power point
tracking,Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2008. APEC 2008. Twenty-Third
Annual IEEE, May 2008, pp. 973 - 979.
5. Hui Zhang, Hongwei Zhou, Jing Ren, Weizeng Liu, Shaohua Ruan and
Yongjun Gao, Three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system with SVPWM current
controller,Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2009. IPEMC '09. IEEE 6th
International, July 2009, pp. 2161 - 2164 .

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THANK YOU

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