Introduction

The Whittakers 5-Kingdom System

Level of cell organisation

prokaryotic eukaryotic

MONERA organism

unicellular multicellular

PROTISTA types of nutrition

saprophytic photosynthetic holozoic

FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA

 Mode of nutrition
Mode of Nutrition Energy source Carbon Example
source
Autotroph

1. Photoautotroph Light CO2 Cynobacteria, Plants,

- Photosynthetic Algae

Inorganic CO2 Sulfolobus

1. Chemoautotroph chemicals eg: NH3
Heterotroph

1. Photoheterotroph Light Organic Certain prokaryotes

compound
Many prokaryotes
2. Chemoheterotroph Organic compound Organic
compound
- Saprophytic
- Holozoic
Defferences between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Criteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Example E.coli, Cynobacteria Sulfolobus
Peptidoglycan in cell contains peptidoglycan Do not contain
wall peptidoglycan.

Association of histone Absent Present in some species

to the DNA

Structure of membrane unbranched hydrocarbons Some branched

lipids hydrocarbons

Habitat Normal habitat extreme habitats (hot, acidic,

salty condition)
 Examples of Eubacteria

Escherichia coli after

Grams Staining

Cyanobacteria High intensity of blue green algae

change the colour of the water
(blue green algae)
 coccus / cocci
Cell shapes (spherical shape)

bacillus / bacilli
(rod shape)

spirillum / spirilla
DIVERSITY OF
BACTERIA
Gram-negative

Gram stain Gram-positive

monotrichous
Position of flagella
amphitrichous

lophotrichous
peritrichous
 Bacillus

Coccus Spirillum

Bacterial classes based on cell shapes

 Bacterial forms

streptococcus spirilum
 Gram Stain
Gram positive Gram negative
cell walls with thick peptidoglycan cell walls with thin peptidoglycan

Advantage:Stronger cells because Advantage:

of thick peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan covered with
Disadvantage:Peptidoglycan can Lipopolysaccharides can defense
easily be digested by lisozyme from lisozyme

Penicilin can kill the cell. Cannot be killed by penicilin

Less threatening pathogens More pathogenic than gram-positive

Eg. : Streptococcus sp. Eg. : Escherichia coli, Salmonella,

Staphylococcus sp.
 3. Position of flagella
types Description

A. Monotrichous A single flagellum can extend

from one end of the cell

B. Lophotrichous Several flagella (tuft) can

extend from one end of the
cell

C. Amphitrichous A single flagellum can extend

from both ends of the cell

D. Peritrichous Multiple flagella may be

randomly distributed over the
entire bacterial cell
 Chlorophyta

Phylum
(Chlamydomonas)
Algae
Phaeophyta
(Fucus)
Classification of
Protista Euglenophyta
(Euglena)

phylum Rhizopoda
(Amoeba)
Protozoa
Ciliophora
(Paramecium)
Apicomplexa
(Plasmodium)
 1. Algae
Two major phyla of algae:

1. Chlorophyta, 2. Phaeophyta,
e.g: Chlamydomonas e.g: Fucus
 Chlamydomonas
phylum
Chlorophyta
( green algae )

Classification of
ALGAE

phylum
Phaeophyta Fucus
( brown algae )
 PROTOZOA
4 important phyla

Phylum Phylum Phylum Phylum

Rhizopoda Ciliophora Euglenophyta Apicomplexa

Amoeba Paramecium Euglena Plasmodium

Pseudopodium Cilia Flagella

 These two stages are called:
1) Plasmogamy (the fusion of cytoplasm
of two parent of mycelia)
2) Karyogamy ( the fusion of haploid
nuclei contribute by the two parent)
Fungi produce spores which are non
motile
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1. Phylum Zygomycota
eg: (Rhizopus )

2. Phylum Ascomycota
eg: (Penicillium)

3. Phylum Basidiomycota
eg: (Agaricus)
Fungi
 Three major phyla of Fungi, based on types of spores-bearing
structure:
FUNGI

3 important phyla

Phylum Phylum Phylum

Zygomycota Ascomaycota Basidiomycota

Amoeba Paramecium Euglena

Rhizopus Penicillium Saccharomyces Agaricus

Common mold Sac fungi Club fungi
 Differences of Structure in 3 Phyla based on types of spore-bearing structure

Structures Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Hyphae Coenocytic Septa Septa

Sexual Zygospores Ascospores Basidiospores

spores
Sexual Zygosporangium Asci/Ascus Basidia/
Spore basidium
bearing
structure
Asexual spores Sporangiospore Conidia Uncommon

Asexual spore Sporangium Conidiophores -

bearing
structure
Example Rhizopus Penicillium, Agaricus
Saccharomyces
Hierarchical Classification
Example:
1.Kingdom Monera :

Within this kingdoms boundaries

producer and decomposers
(heterotroph).

Examples :
Bacteria E. coli
Blue green algae
 2. Kingdom Protista :

Single cell and multicellular

eukaryotes.

Photoautotroph or heterotroph.

Examples :
Alga (Chlamydomonas,
Spirogyra and Fucus)
Protozoa ( Amoeba,
Paramecium and Euglena)
 3. Kingdom Fungi :

Multicellular eukaryotes
heterotrophs.
Most decomposers (nutrient
cycler)
Others pathogens and parasites
Examples :
Rhizophus
Penicillium
 4.Kingdom Plantae :

Eukaryotic
Multicellular, chloroplast-
equipped producers
(photoautotroph).

Examples :
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Gymnosperma
Angiosperma
 5.Kingdom Animalia :

Eukaryotic
Multicellular heterotrophs
(holozoic)

Examples :
Porifera

Coelentrata

Platyhelminthes

Chordata