MALAYSIAN STUDIES

FN101
Chapter 1 : The Nations Early History
(Part 2)
By: Nurhani Hazirah
COLONIAL ERA
Malaysia subjected to other powers for about 446 years
from 1511 till 1957.
Lists of Colonists:

1. Portuguese 1511-1641(130 years)

2. Dutch 1641-1824(183 years)
3. British 1824-1942
1945-1957 (130 years)
4. Siamese 1821-1909(88 years)
5. Japanese 1942-1945 (3.5 years)
FACTORS OF COLONIZING IN
MALAYSIA
Vast natural resources
Sources of wealth much sought after
Strategic location
For foreigners to extend their political
influence
Spread Christianity
THE DUTCH AND
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

Portuguese took over Malacca (1511) due to the

objective to control the maritime trade in the east
and spread Christianity. Fail to extend their power
based due to inconsistent of trading practices and
religion. Malays constantly attacked them, limiting
their influenced.
Dutch defeated the Portuguese with help of Johor
in 1641.However the main activity of Dutch was
Batavia(Jakarta).Main reason for the invasion was
die to the control of tin ore in Malay Peninsula.
Dutch left in 1824
BRITISH
COLONIZATION

Main reason for the interest of British in the

country in the 19th Century is to focus on
the opening of Singapore,
the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824,
the establishment and transfer of power of
the straits Settlement
Intervention of the Malay States
The progress of British Administration
Opening of the rubber estates
THE ACQUISITION OF PENANG
AND SINGAPORE
Intention to improve trade between British
and China encourage to the colonization of
Penang and Singapore.
11 August 1786, agreement between Francis
Light and Sultan Abdullah to protect against
Siamese threat, Penang came under the rule
of British
6th February 1819, Stamford Raffles occupied
Singapore, as it was seen as a suitable base
for British.
ANGLO-DUTCH TREATY 1824
Was sign on 17 March 1824 in an aim to end
the rivalry between British and Dutch
especially in the East
Dutch were not happy with British British
occupation of Singapore
British still in good terms with Dutch as the
Dutch were indebted to the British because
of the Napoleonic War.
ANGLO-DUTCH TREATY
1824(CONTINUE)..
Terms that had been determine in the
treaty:
The Dutch hand over Malacca to the British in
exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu).
The area south of Singapore continue belong
to the Dutch and the north belong to the
British.
Both agreed to work together to eradicate
pirate activities.
STRAITS SETTLEMENT
Administration system called SS
Consists of Singapore, Malacca and Penang
Island. united in 1829
Penang the first capital(administrative
centre)
Governor as the head of state
Pirate activities were able to be eradicated
within these states and British began to pay
attention on Malay states.
BRITISH INTERVENTION IN MALAY
STATES, SABAH AND SARAWAK
Before 1873, British no intervention in the malay
states.
September 1873, Lord Kimberley, Secretary of the
colonial office, inaugurated a policy of intervention
in the affairs of the malay states. Before that
British only intervene in Sarawak
Malay states first accepted British intervention
were Perak, Negeri Sambilan (Sungai Ujong),
Pahang and Selangor.
British introduce resident in the Malay states.
THE RESIDENT SYSTEM
Resident was a British strategy to assume
complete control over the administration of the
Malay States.
Its implementation gave British more power
over the Malay states in all aspects especially
administration and economy.
Three (3) main objectives that were solely for
British interests:
1. Maintain peace through legal provisions
2. Create an organized civil administrative and
tax collection
3. To exploit the natural resource of the Malay
states.
FEDERATED MALAY
STATES Through Federation Agreement
in 1896, Selangor, Perak,
Pahang and Negeri Sembilan
were under one central ruling
system
It is more political union
between these states.
Factors behind the
establishment:
1. for the purpose of efficiency
and uniformity in
administration
2. to check on residents power
3. reducing administrative cost
FEDERATED MALAY STATE
TREATY
Conditions of the treaty:
1. the acceptance of a British officer with
the title resident-general.

The role of the resident-general was to

advice on all the aspects of government
except issues relating to Islam and Malay
Customs.
The first resident-general was Frank
Swettenham
FEDERATED MALAY STATE
TREATY
2. to create a better relationship between
the rulers and the British officers.

Conference of Malay Rulers known as Durbar

was introduced.
To centralization of administrative power in
the hand of Resident-General in Kuala
Lumpur.
FEDERATED MALAY STATE
TREATY
-3. The establishment of federal departments

Lead to the employment of British officers,

and administered mostly by British officers.
Secured the position of British in the malay
states.
FEDERAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
To strengthen control over the states, the
British government establish in 1990
To increase the power of the rulers and the
residents
To increase power of British in Singapore
Weaken the power of the Sultan.
 THE JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
Japanese occupation made great impact, it
made the Asian to realize about their own
potential.
Occupation is military force used for
genocide to take over an era
The Japanese wanted to end Malayan
Chinese Support.
JAPANESE INVASION OF
MALAYA
The Japanese propagated Asian Economic
Co-Prosperity Sphere and Asia for the
Asians to gain support from Asian people
To get raw materials
To get new places to accommodate Japans
increasing population
To drive out the Europeans
FACTORS FOR THE JAPANESE
VICTORY
The British were not prepared for the war.
Japanese soldiers were excellent from due to
intensive training
The Japanese Army had practical war tactic. (they
rode bicycles even in jungles and villages)
British did not anticipate that the Japanese would
attack from the North and took the Malay states
one by one
THE EFFECTS OF THE JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
Economic Effects
-Malaya was in complete economic depression
-Shortage of food
-The tin and rubber trade went to decline
- Banana Leaf currency that was introduced
had little value due to uncontrolled printing
THE EFFECTS OF THE JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
Political Effects
-The Malays were given many chances to
experience being in administrative posts and
gained confidence in their ability to govern
their own country.
-Political awareness by the Japanese
propaganda slogan Asia for Asians
-The Japanese occupation give the spirit of
nationalism among the local populace.
THE EFFECTS OF THE JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
Social Effects
-The country face the rice shortage resulting
from the disruption of the world trade.
-The locals faced health problems mainly
caused by the lack of medical supplies and
malnutrition
-Many youths were working as labor to build
Death Railway, and these people died of
sickness and hunger.
JAPAN IN MALAYA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=PFsHF76SEN8
THE MALAY PENINSULA AFTER
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
America dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki.
Japan surrendered, and British return in
Malaya and started to restore order.
Introducing the system of categorizing areas
of black and white areas.
Introduced the identity card system whereby
individual above 12 years of age was required
to register and obtain an identity card.