The Adult Brain

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The Adult Brain

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 The Adult Brain

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 An Introduction to Brain Functions

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Ventricles of the brain

Central passageway of the brain enlarges to form

ventricles
Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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Ventricles of the Brain

PLAY Animation: Brain Dissections

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The cranial meninges

Continuous with the three layers of the spinal

cord
Folds of dura mater help stabilize the position of
the brain
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli

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 The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium,
and Meninges

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

CSF cushions delicate neural structures

Supports the brain
Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and
waste products
Pathway of CSF
Produced at the Choroid plexus,
Travels through the lateral and medial
apertures to the subarachnoid space,
Diffuses across the arachnoid granulations into
the superior sagittal sinus
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 The Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Blood supply to the brain

Blood brain barrier isolates neural tissue from

general circulation
Incomplete barrier in areas
Parts of the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Choroid plexus

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Medulla oblongata

Connects the brain with the spinal cord

Contains relay stations and reflex centers
Olivary nuclei
Cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity
centers
Reticular formation begins in the medulla
oblongata and extends into more superior
portions of the brainstem

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The Diencephalon and Brain Stem

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The Diencephalon and Brain Stem

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The Medulla Oblongata and Pons

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The Medulla Oblongata and Pons

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The pons contains

Sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves

Nuclei that help control respiration
Nuclei and tracts linking the cerebellum with the
brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord
Ascending, descending and transverse tracts

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The cerebellum

Adjusts postural muscles and tunes on-going

movements
Cerebellar hemispheres
Anterior and posterior lobes
Vermis
Flocculonodular lobe
Superior, middle and inferior cerebellar
peduncles link cerebellum with brain stem,
diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
Interconnects the two cerebellar hemispheres
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 The Cerebellum

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 The Cerebellum

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The mesencephalon

The tectum (roof) contains the corpora

quadrigemina
Superior and inferior colliculi
The mesencephalon contains many nuclei
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra
Cerebral peduncles
RAS headquarters

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The Mesencephalon

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The diencephalon is composed of

Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus

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The thalamus

Final relay point for ascending sensory

information
Coordinates the activities of the cerebral cortex
and basal nuclei

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The Thalamus

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The hypothalamus

Controls somatic motor activities at the

subconscious level
Controls autonomic function
Coordinates activities of the endocrine and
nervous systems
Secretes hormones
Produces emotions and behavioral drives
Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
Regulates body temperature
Coordinates circadian cycles of activity
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The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section

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 The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section

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 The Limbic System

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 The Brain in Section

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 The Brain in Section

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The cerebral cortex

Surface contains gyri and sulci or fissures

Longitudinal fissure separates two
cerebral hemispheres
Central sulcus separates frontal and
parietal lobes
Temporal and occipital lobes also
bounded by sulci

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White matter of the cerebrum

Contains association fibers

Commissural fibers
Projection fibers

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The White Matter of the Cerebrum

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The basal nuclei

Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Control muscle tone and coordinate learned
movement patterns

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Motor and sensory areas of the cortex

Primary motor cortex of the precentral

gyrus directs voluntary movements
Primary sensory cortex of the postcentral
gyrus receives somatic sensory information
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Taste
Temperature

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 The Cerebral Hemispheres

PLAY

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Association areas

Control our ability to understand sensory

information and coordinate a response
Somatic sensory association area
Visual association area
Somatic motor association area

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general interpretive and speech areas

General interpretive area

Receives information from all sensory
areas
Present only in left hemisphere
Speech center
Regulates patterns of breathing and
vocalization

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cortex functions and hemispheric differences

Prefrontal cortex
Coordinates information from secondary and
special association areas
Performs abstract intellectual functions
Hemispheric differences
Left hemisphere typically contains general
interpretive and speech centers and is
responsible for language based skills
Right hemisphere is typically responsible for
spatial relationships and analyses
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 Hemispheric Lateralization

PLAY

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Focus: Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves

Each attaches to the ventrolateral surface of
the brainstem near the associated sensory or
motor nuclei

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 Origins of the Cranial Nerves

PLAY

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 Origins of the Cranial Nerves

PLAY

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 Origins of the Cranial Nerves

PLAY

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The limbic system or motivational system
includes

Amygdaloid body
Cingulated gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
Fornix
Functions of the limbic system involved
emotions and behavioral drives

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 The Limbic System

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Measures brain activity

Alpha waves = healthy resting adult
Beta waves = concentrating adult
Theta waves = normal children
Delta waves = normal during sleep

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