2010-09 Security Level: Internal Use

LTE system principle

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 Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be

able to

Know the backgrounds of evolution

Know system architecture of LTE

Know key features of LTE

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 References
3GPP TS 36.401
3GPP TS 36.101
3GPP TS 36.211

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 Contents
1. Overview

2. LTE system architecture

3. LTE key features

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 Contents

1. Overview

2. LTE system architecture

3. LTE key features

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Mobile communications standards
landscape

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 3GPP Releases
3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE
and the HSPA Evolution
HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do
not need to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA
By the end of 2007, 3GPP R8 is released as the first specs of LTE

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 LTE will be the Single Global Standard
>1.2Gbps
GSM /80MHz

700M Spectral Efficiency

800M New
Key
850M
UMTS Title Tec FDD LTE
300Mbps h.
900M /20MHz
150Mbp
1500M s Relay
1700M 84Mbps /20MHz
CDMA /10MHz
1800M 4x4
4x4
1900M MIMO
42Mbps MIMO
2x2
/5MHz DC
2100M MIMO
2300M TD-SCDMA 28Mbps
/5MHz 2x2 2x2 OFDM OFDM
2600M 21Mbps MIMO MIM OFD TDD LTE
/5MHz O M
2x2
WiMAX 64QAM MIMO 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile

operators.
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 SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution
Spectrum for LTE Smooth Transition to LTE
LTE GSM+UMTS
2600MHz
SDR SDR
UMTS LTE
2100MHz
LTE
GSM
GSM
1800MHz LTE mRRU MRFU
GSM
900MHz UMTS LTE

800MHz LTE SDR SDR

2010 2011 2012
GSM+LTE

Technolo 800 900M 1800 2100 2.6G Spectrum refarming starts from
gy M M M 900M/1800M, which can be
GSM utilized for LTE deployment.

UMTS SDR technology supports flexible

and smooth transition from
LTE 2G/3G to LTE.

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 LTE requirements and targets
Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less
then 100ms) and transmission latency (less then 10ms)
Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100
Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when
operating in 20MHz spectrum allocation)
Improved spectral efficiency
Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access
technologies
Supporting flexible spectrum allocation (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20
MHz) to meet the complicated spectrum situation requirement
Simplified network architecture
Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.
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 LTE technical features
The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink
OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA
LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the time-
frequency resource is dynamically shared between users.
This is similar to the approach taken in HSDPA
Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE
MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial
multiplexing which can increase data rate prominently
LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex
arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and
bandwidth allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20
MHz
Support SON

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 LTE frequency bands
LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands
2.1GHz, 1.9GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.6GHz, 900 MHz, 800 MHz, 450
MHz, etc , refer to 36.101 for details.
Transmission bandwidth could be:
Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB 6 15 25 50 75 100

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 LTE Release 8 Bands

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 Carrier Frequency EARFCN
Calculation

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 Example

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 LTE standardization and specifications

Huawei mirror site for 3GPP specifications.

http://szxmir01-in.huawei.com/www.3gpp.org/www.3gpp.org

The specification document for LTE is 36 series, inherits

the structure of UTRAN 25 series:
36.1xx series is about the physical layer general aspect
36.2xx series is about radio interface physical layer
36.3xx series is about the radio interface layer 2 and 3
36.4xx series is about the terrestrial interfaces (S1, X2 )

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 Contents

1. Overview

2. LTE system architecture

3. LTE key features

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 LTE System architecture
UMTS LTE

LTE: simplified IP flat architecture

Less equipment node and easier deployment
Less transmission delay and easier O&M
S1 and X2 interfaces are based on a full IP transport stack

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 LTE-SAE System architecture
An evolved core network, the Evolved Packet Core is at the same
time developed, which generally is called System Architecture
Evolution.
The philosophy of the SAE is to focus on the packet-switched
domain, and migrate away from the circuit-switched domain

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 E-UTRAN functions
Transfer of user data Inter-cell interference
Radio channel ciphering coordination

and deciphering Connection setup and release

Integrity protection Load Balancing
Header compression Distribution function for NAS
Mobility control messages
functions NAS node selection function
Handover Synchronization
Paging Radio access network sharing
Positioning
MBMS function

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 Contents

1. Overview

2. TE system architecture

3. LTE key features

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 Basic principles of OFDM
Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multi-
carrier transmission.
Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually
orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the
same radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.

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 Why use OFDM?
Efficient use of radio spectrum includes placing modulated carriers
as close as possible without causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)
In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be
used, In a multi-path environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a
greater chance for Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) addresses both
of these problems:
OFDM provides a technique allowing the bandwidths of modulated
carriers to overlap without interference (no ICI).
It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus
helping to eliminate ISI.

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 OFDM implementation by IFFT/FFT
OFDM modulation implementation in LTE
Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz,
and IFFT bin size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts =N
f=30720000Hz

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 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes

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 Cyclic-prefix insertion

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 Cyclic-prefix insertion
Time dispersion on the radio channel may cause ISI
To deal with this problem, cyclic-prefix insertion is typically
used in case of OFDM transmission
The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is
copied and inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing
the block length from N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the
corresponding samples are discarded before OFDM
demodulation
Subcarrier orthogonality will then be preserved also in case of
a time-dispersive channel, as long as the span of the time
dispersion is shorter than the cyclic-prefix length.

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 Downlink CP Parameters

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 Advantage of OFDM
High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each subcarrier would be
adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be no wasted spectrum
With multiple subcarriers transmitting in parallel, long symbol duration
is used, thus OFDMA is more tolerant to multi-path environment and
better entitled to eliminate ISI (inter symbol interference)
Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol interference could be
minimized
OFDM is flexible in allocating power and rate optimally among
narrowband sub-carriers (scheduling)
Frequency diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum

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 Peak to Average Power Ratio

The drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average ratio of the

transmitted signal, which greatly decrease the efficiency of the
linear amplifiers
This is especially critical for the uplink, due to the high
importance of low mobile-terminal power consumption and cost.

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 SC-FDMA in uplink
SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multi-
carrier technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much
higher power amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink.
SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM
system with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes
each user occupy consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which
looks like a single carrier.

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 OFDM used in LTE

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 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access

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OFDMA used in LTE.
DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Anti multi-path interference

Anti frequency selective fading
Higher spectrum efficiency
Easy to cooperate with MIMO for
higher throughput
Flexible multi-users scheduling

UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - FDMA)

Save terminals cost & power consumption

Lower PAPR modulation technology: DFT-S-
OFDM, which is similar to OFDM
Higher spectral efficiency compare with
traditional single carrier technology.

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 Downlink PRB Parameters

Normal CP Configuration

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 OFDM Symbol Mapping

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 Channel-dependent scheduling
Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA, the
time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users
LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time
domain, as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain
For LTE, scheduling decisions can be taken as often as once every 1
ms and the granularity in the frequency domain is 180 kHz

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 Multi-Antenna Technique MIMO
Receive diversity: Transmit diversity: Multi-antenna reception
SIMO MISO and transmission: MIMO

Fundamentals of MIMO:
The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams.
The data streams are simultaneously transmitted from multiple antennas
through the spatial dimensions, through different radio channels, and
received by multiple antennas.
And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial
signature of each data stream.

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 MIMO Modes
Transmissio Transmission Reference
n Mode scheme

Mode 1 single-antenna port It is compatible with single-antenna transmission

(port 0)
Mode 2 transmit diversity It weakens the interference caused by channel fading
and is applicable within low SINR environment

Mode 3 open-loop space It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high
division multiplexing rate and SINR environment

Mode 4 Closed-loop spatial It is weighted according to the channel characteristics,

multiplexing increases the peak rate, and is applicable within low
rate but high SINR environment

Mode 5 Multi-user MIMO It improves cell throughput

Mode 6 Closed-loop precoding It increases cell coverage

with rank of 1

Mode 7 Beamforming, single- It weakens interference and increases cell coverage

antenna port (port 5)

Mode 8 Dual-antenna port: It increases cell throughput

Dual-stream BF

8 MIMO modes specified in 3GPP LTE standard

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 Advantages of MIMO
Array gain: It increases the transmit power and can be used for
beamforming.

Diversity gain: It weakens the interference caused by channel fading.

Spatial multiplexing gain: It doubles the rate within the same bandwidth after
spatial orthogonal channels are constructed.

Data MIMO
Streaming Channel

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 UL Virtual MIMO

Benefits Features

Improve the overall uplink cell throughput.
Increase the UL spectrum efficiency.
The uplink channels of paired users
must be with good orthogonality to
each other to prevent interference.
Multi-users use the same time-
frequency resource.

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 MIMO--the Key to Improve Cell
Throughput
1x2 SIMO xx.xx%: SIMO
Gain MIMO
eNode
UE 1 Mac 18.15%

Throughput (Mbps)
B
ro 16.4 28.34% 15.12%
LLL
13.88
TTT 12.09 14.23
EEE
9.42 12.36

2x2 MIMO
ISD:500m ISD:500m ISD:1732m
eNode Speed:3km/ Speed:30km Speed:30km
UE 1 h /h /h
B
xx.xx%: SIMO
Gain MIMO
46.94% 46.40%
35.18
34.15

Throughput (Mbps)
56.68%
26.87
Micro 24.03

In typical urban
23.24

17.15

area:
15%~28% gain over SIMO @
Macro
~50% gain over SIMO @
Micro Outdoor-to-
Indoor
Outdoor-to-
Outdoor
Outdoor-to-
Outdoor
Speed: 3km/h Speed: 3km/h Speed: 30km/h

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 More Gains through Higher-order
MIMO
DL 44 MIMO UL 24 MU-MIMO

eNode UE 1 eNode
B B
UE 1

UE 2

4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO: 2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO:
~ 50% gain in average cell 23%~90%
~50% gainincreasing in edge
in average celluser
23%~90% increasing in edge user throughput
throughput
throughput throughput

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AMC & 64QAM
AMC, Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Radio-link data rate is controlled by adjusting the modulation scheme and/or the
channel coding rate
Modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Turbo code

Features
Provide higher-data-rate services

Significantly improve the system

throughput

Improve users experience

High-order modulation scheme used

within excellent channel condition

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 OFDM Signal Generation

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 Inter-cell interference coordination
By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in one
cell, the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part of
the spectrum will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then be
used to provide higher data rates for users in the neighbouring cell

4 Cell 1,4,7 Power

2
2
Frequency
76 3
3
Power
1 Cell 2,5,8
1
Frequency
6 4
5 8
5
9 Power
Cell 3,6,9
7 Frequency

Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells
Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells
30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)

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 LTE Key Technologies SON
Deployment Stage

Network Planning & Installation & Network Performance

Design Initial Tuning Improvement

Self-Planning Self-Config. Self-optimiz.

Operation & Maintenance Stage

Network Operation & Network Upgrade and

Maintenance evolution

Self-Optiz. & Maintenance

eNB 1
Self-Organising Network (SON)
SON effectively reduces human intervention in
deployment and operation stage. Thus, SON saves
both CAPEX & OPEX.
SON with ICIC : SON helps inter-cell interference eNB 3
eNB 2
coordination to improve cell edge throughput and
user experience

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 SON Improving Operation Efficiency

Deployme Optimizatio Maintenanc

Planning e
nt n
Phase Phase
Phase Phase

Automatic Network Automatic PCI/TA Optimization

Planning Automatic Neighbor Relation
Automatic Config. Planning Inter-RAT ANR,MRO, System
Automatic Parameter Load Balance, RACH
Planning Optimization

Self- configuration (Plug &
Play)
Auto Software Management
Inventory Management
Sleeping Cell detection
Antenna Fault
Detection
Cell/interface/sub. trace

SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network
architecture changes

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 Typical SON Features at Initial
Stage
ANR: Automatic Neighbor Self-Config.: Quick
Relation DeploymentFile Server
S/W
Config
Config
Config EMS + DHCP

Config
New S/W

eNodeB

Save cost & Improve exactness Plug & Play Installation

Avoid first HO failure due to missing neighbor Shorten deployment duration
relation

MLB: Mobility Load MRO: Mobility Robust

Balancing Optimization
Cell A Cell BB
Cell Cell C

Value
unnecessary HO Rate

Cell A Cell B Cell C HO successful rate

Optimizing cell reselection and handover

parameters More reliable
Reduce call drop rate, handover failure rate, Improve network KPI by HO optimization
Reduce unnecessary redirection

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Thank you
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