Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Signal Encoding
CSG 250
Spring 2005
Rajmohan Rajaraman
4Ae 4f 2 Ae
G
2
c 2
G = antenna gain
Ae = effective area
f = carrier frequency
c = speed of light ( 3 x 108 m/s)
= carrier wavelength
3.57 h1 h2
h1 = height of antenna one
h2 = height of antenna two
Pt 4d 4fd
2 2
Pr 2
c 2
Pt 4d
LdB 10 log 20 log
Pr
20 log 20 log d 21.98 dB
4fd
20 log 20 log f 20 log d 147.56 dB
c
Pt 4 d d cd
2 2 2 2
2
Pr Gr Gt 2
Ar At f Ar At
Gt = gain of transmitting antenna
Gr = gain of receiving antenna
At = effective area of transmitting antenna
Ar = effective area of receiving antenna
N 0 kT W/Hz
N0 = noise power density in watts per 1 Hz of
bandwidth
k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.3803 x 10-23 J/K
T = temperature, in kelvins (absolute temperature)
Eb S / R S
N0 N0 kTR
The bit error rate for digital data is a function of
Eb/N0
o Given a value for Eb/N0 to achieve a desired error rate,
parameters of this formula can be selected
o As bit rate R increases, transmitted signal power must
increase to maintain required Eb/N0
A cos2f1t binary 1
s t
A cos2f 2t binary 0
si t A cos 2f i t 1 i M
f i = f c + (2i 1 M)f d
f c = the carrier frequency
f d = the difference frequency
M = number of different signal elements = 2 L
A cos2f ct
binary 1
s t
A cos2f ct
binary 0
A cos2f ct
binary 1
A cos2f ct
binary 0
A cos 2f c t
4
11
A cos 2f c t
3
s t
01
4
3
A cos 2f c t
00
4
A cos 2f c t
10
4
Wireless Networks Spring 2005
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Multilevel PSK
o Using multiple phase angles with each angle having
more than one amplitude, multiple signals elements can
be achieved
R R
D
L log 2 M
D = modulation rate, baud
R = data rate, bps
M = number of different signal elements = 2L
L = number of bits per signal element
R = bit rate
0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
DF = f2-fc=fc-f1
st d1 t cos 2f ct d 2 t sin 2f ct
st 1 na xt cos 2f ct
cos2fct = carrier
x(t) = input signal
na = modulation index (< 1)
Ratio of amplitude of input signal to carrier
o a.k.a double sideband transmitted carrier
(DSBTC)
' t n f mt
nf = frequency modulation index
BT 2F 2B