INTRODUCTION TO

MICROBIOLOGY

Department of Microbiology
Medical Faculty USU
 Specific Learning Objectives
1. Menjelaskan asal usul mikroorganisme
2. Menyebutkan tokoh/perintis dalam
bidang mikrobiologi
3. Menyebutkan kaidah mikroba sebagai
penyebab penyakit (Postulat Koch)
4. Menjelaskan perbedaan dan
perbandingan sifat virus, bakteri,
jamur, chlamydia dan ricketsia
 REFERENCES
JAWETZ, MELNICK & ADELBERGS
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 24TH EDITION
by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll, Janet S.
Butel, and Stephen A. Morse, McGraw-Hill,
2007.
MIKROBIOLOGI KEDOKTERAN, Edisi
Revisi, Pengarang Staf Pengajar FK UI,
Binarupa Aksara.
 REFERENCES
Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews
Microbiology 2nd edition by Richard A.
Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Bruce D.
Fisher, 2007, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY by FH
Kayser, K.A. Bienz, J. Eckert,
R.M.Zinkernagel, Thieme, 2005.
 Microbiology defined

The study of microorganisms, where the

individual cells of the 'microbe' can't be seen by
the unaided human eye'

That is, we need to use specialized detection

systems-usually optical instruments termed
microscopes.
There are 2 main type main types of microscopes in
use:
- Bright field microscope: 1000 times
- Electron microscope: 106 times
What is microbiology?
Bacteriology
Virology
Mycology
Immunology
In clinical microbiology we have interest in both

Bacteria (procaryotic)
Eg Staph sp, Strep sp, E.coli, Mycoplasma sp
Fungi (eucaryotic)
Eg Candida sp (single celled yeast), Aspergillus sp
(multicelled)
Parasites (eucaryotic)
Eg Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium sp (malaria)
Viruses
Eg HIV, HBV, HBC, Rubella, Herpes (EBV, VZ, HSV)
 Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Characteristic Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

Chromosome Single, circular Multiple

Nucleus No nuclear membrane or Membrane-bound, nuceoli

nucleoli present
Membrane-bound Not present Present (examples include
organelles mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum)
Cell wall Usually present, many contain Present in plant cells, no
peptidoglycan peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane No carbohydrates, most lack Sterol and carbohydrates present
sterols
Ribosome 70S 80S

Average size 0,2-2 m in diameter 10-100 m in diameter

Replication Binary fission Budding or mitosis

 Procaryotes
Procaryotes (refers
mainly to the bacteria)
No nucleus
Generally circular DNA
genome
+/- cell wall
Can have extrasomal
DNA
DNA without introns
Haploid (chromosome)
Binary division
 Eucaryotes
Eucaryotes (include
fungi, protozoa,
helminth)
Have nucleus
Other membrane
organelles
Diploid chromosomes
Mitotic & meiotic
division
Have introns and exons
 BACTERIA

Reproduce asexually by binary transverse

fission.
Do not possess the nucleus typical of
eucaryotic microorganisms.
The cell walls of these organisms are rigid
(with some exceptions, e.g., the
mycoplasma).
 ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Chlamydiae
Obligate intracellular parasites that are
able to reproduce only in living cells.
Found in two stages: the infectious,
nonreproductive particles called
elementary bodies ( 0.3 m) and the
noninfectious, intracytoplasmic,
reproductive forms known as initial (or
reticulate) bodies ( 1 m).
 ATYPICAL BACTERIA

Rickettsiae
Obligate intracellular parasites.
Rod shaped to coccoid.
Reproduce by binary transverse fission.
The diameter of the individual cell is
from 0.31 m.
Have cell wall like bacteria
 Virus
Contain only one type of nucleic acid,
either DNA or RNA
No enzymatic energy producing system
No protein synthesizing apparatus
Force infected host cells to synthesize
virus particles
 A little History

Before about 1650 philosophers believed in

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
Significant discoveries altered this thinking.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
 Some of the key players were:

ANTHONY van LEEUWENHOEK, 1674

Mid 17th Century probably 1st to observe
microbes under max. 200x magnification

Although Robert Hooke first to observe

microbes through magnification- Its thought he
saw protozoa (larger cells such as amoebae)
 LOUIS PASTEUR:

Demonstrated by the use of sterile

media that microbes were in fact
present in air
And that air does not create
microbes
Used broths in flasks and S
funneled microbial trap
experiments prove that
Spontaneous Generation is
wrong.
Fermentation
Pasteurization
Joseph LISTER (1860)
Adopted the use of 'aseptic' techniques which
lead to its general adoption
 ROBERT KOCH (1876)
Prove that specific infectious diseases were
caused by specific organisms.
Experiments with the very lethal disease
(especially of cattle) anthrax
Discover the Koch bacilli (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) 1882

Koch and wife

1905-Nobel Prize
 KOCHS POSTULATES

1. The same 'pathogen' must be present in every

case of the disease
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the
diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen when inoculated into a
susceptible uninfected host causes the disease
4. The pathogen must be re-isolated in pure
culture from the inoculated animal
Edward Jenner, 1796 First
successful vaccination
Relationship of cowpox to smallpox
Smallpox (virus) 30-40% mortality
Viremia followed by death
Last naturally occurring case in Africa,
1976
Role of WHO in smallpox eradication
Possible because humans are the only
smallpox host.
 Griffith 1928 Experiment to determine which
part of a pneumococcus bacteria caused the
disease.
1944 Genetic material is DNA, not the capsule,
not the cytoplasm. Provided the groundwork for
Avery and McLeods definitive work, as well as for
Watson and Crick (1953) DNA Structure
Fleming 1929 Penicillin (beta lactam ring in
outer layer of a bacteria is inhibited, making cell
wall synthesis impossible)