LESSON 2

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 A substance that deforms continuously when subjected to
a shear stress.
Consider a fluid between two parallel plates, which is
subjected to a shear stress due to the impulsive motion of
the upper plate
No slip condition: no
u = U relative motion between
fluid and boundary, i.e.,
FLUID fluid in contact with lower
ELEMENT plate is stationary,
u = 0 whereas fluid in contact
with upper plate moves at
speed U.
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Liquid Gas
Definite volume No fixed volume; completely
independent of the size or fill any container in which it
shape of the container is placed

Free surface is formed No free surface is formed

Incompressible Compressible
Pressure & temperature Expands infinitely in the
changes have no effect on absence of pressure &
the volume of a liquid contracts easily under
pressure

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 GAS

LIQUID

Retain volume and Take volume and

take shape of shape of container
container

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Ideal fluid Real fluid

Real or
Imaginary
practical

Incompressible Compressible

Water ?
Non-
Viscous Air ?
viscous

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 Although the properties of a fluid arise from
its molecular structure, engineering
problems are usually concerned with the
bulk behaviour of fluids.
The principal theoretical assumption is that
the uid consists of continuous matter the
so-called continuum model.
Thus, the overall properties and the
behaviour of fluids can be studied without
regard for its atomic and molecular
structure.

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 = mass per unit volume

m

V
Units: kg/m3

Typical values:
Water = 1000 kg/m3
Mercury = 1 3546 kg/m3
Air = 1.23 kg/m3
Paraffin Oil = 800 kg/m3
.

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 weight per unit volume

W

V
mg

V
g
Units: N/m3

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 density of a substance

density of water
substan ce

water

Units: None

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 shear stress

velocity gradient


du
dy
Units: N s/m2 ; kg/m s
Typical values: water 1.14 x 10-3 kgm-1s-1
air 1.78 x 10-5 kgm-1s-1

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 dynamic viscosity

mass density



Units: m2/s ; Stokes 104 St = 1 m2/s
Typical values: water 1.14 x 10-6 m2s-1
air 1.46 x 10-5 m2s-1

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 change in pressure
K
volumetric strain
dP
K
dV
V
dP
K V
dV

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For a given mass m of the fluid;

m V
dm dV Vd Units: N/m2
d

dV
dm 0
V
dP
K
d

dP
K
d
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 Pressure at which a liquid will boil
Vapour pressure rises when temperature
rises.
When the pressure of a liquid falls below the
vapor pressure it evaporates, i.e., changes to
a gas.
If the pressure drop is due to temperature
effects alone, the process is called boiling.
If the pressure drop is due to fluid velocity,
the process is called cavitation.

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Two non-mixing fluids (e.g., a liquid and a
gas) will form an interface. The molecules
below the interface act on each other with
forces equal in all directions, whereas the
molecules near the surface act on each other
with increased forces due to the absence of
neighbors. That is, the interface acts like a
stretched membrane.

F
Units: N/m
L
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 Understanding of fluid properties is essential
for us to apply basic principles of fluid
mechanics to the solution of practical
problems

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