Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Technical Training
Instructor
Mr. Monthien Satantoranin
Senior Manager Technical Support
Siae Microelettronica South East Asia
1
ALC
Training Topics
2
ALC
ALC Equipment Structure
3
ALC
IDU ( Indoor Unit)
Mains Features
Max capacity : 16 E1 + 3 Ethernet Port
IDU size: 1U high only and single board
Service channel: optional V11 codirectional.
Loops: RF loop, IF loop and Baseband loops
ATPC range : depending on frequency (20dB or 40 dB)
Internal PRBS
IDU-ODU cable: 370 meter of or RG8
4
ALC
IDU (Indoor Unit)
SCT LAN port
120ohm E1 Sub-D type PSU alarm LEDs
LCT USB connectors
connector PSU connector
1
V
8
4 2
V
8
4
1
S
P
2 1 2
2
S
P
+
+
- -
Manual operation /
Loop active IDU-ODU cable
SMA connectors
Fuse: 3.15A (M)
Tx Rx
TEST 1
R AL 2
Reset
Alarms Active branch (Tx / Rx) 5
ALC
Reference Tooth
Volt/dBm in Rx
Weight = 4.5 Kg
Max.1 dB Loss
7
ALC
8
ALC
ODU with 1+1 ODU
Integrated antenna
1+0 ODU
Unprotected ODU
9
ALC
Interconnection cable
Frequency signals:
Tx IF 330 MHz
Rx IF 140 MHz
Telemetry IDUODU 17.5 MHz
Telemetry ODUIDU 5.2 MHz
Power 48 VDC
10
ALC
Equipment Composition
ALC is made up by different sub-modules housed in
two mechanical structures:
1) IDU
LIM
Controller
RIM (one per branch)
2) ODU
Radiotransceiver (RT, one per branch)
11
ALC
Module functionalities
Line interfaces
Line Mux-Demux circuits, Service Mux-demux circuits
Bit insertion-extraction,
Modulator - Demodulator (digital side) LIM
Switch management Service interfaces
BER counters Management software ports
Equipment controller
Power supply
Cable interface RIM EOC CONTROLLER
Alarm LEDs
Modulator (analog side) 330 MHz
Demodulator (analog side) 140 MHz User in / Alarm out facilities
14
ALC
) LIM Tx direction
15
ALC
LIM Rx direction
*FEC = Forward Error Corrector
Example: Without BER=10-6
With BER=10-13 (+2.5 dB)
FEC *
(block code)
errors
16
ALC
RIM
17
ALC
ODU
18
ALC
ALC characteristics (1)
Tx power (4QAM/16QAM):
7 GHz +27 dBm / +22 dBm
15 GHz +25 dBm / +20 dBm
23 GHz +20 dBm / +15 dBm
Tx/Rx spacing:
7 GHz 154/161/168/196/245 MHz
15 GHz 420/728 MHz
23 GHz 1008/1232 MHz
Power consumption
1+0 < 30 W
1+1 < 55 W
19
ALC
ALC characteristics (2)
Rx HBER (10E-3) thresholds (4QAM/16QAM):
- in 16x2
7 GHz -84 dBm / -80 dBm
15 GHz -83.5 dBm / -79.5 dBm
23 GHz -83 dBm / -79 dBm
- in 4x2
7 GHz -90 dBm / -86 dBm
15 GHz -89.5 dBm / -85.5 dBm
23 GHz -89 dBm / -85 dBm
21
ALC
Installation
IDU Installation
Power Supply and Grounding
E1 Cable and Wiring
Antenna and ODU Mounting
22
ALC
Installation
IDU Installation (1)
USB/LCT
E1
Power Supply
IDU to ODU
Cable
23
ALC
Installation
IDU Installation (2)
24
ALC
Installation
Power Supply and Grounding
Power Supply
-48 to -57.6 Vdc
Nominal Consumption
44 watts (1+0)
24 watts ( IDU only)
25
ALC
Installation
Power Supply and Grounding
27
ALC
Installation
E1 Cable and Wiring
28
ALC
Installation
Antenna and ODU Mounting
29
ALC
Installation
Antenna and ODU Mounting
30
ALC
Installation
Antenna and ODU Mounting
31
ALC
Installation
Antenna and ODU Mounting
ODU final housing position for ODU final housing position for
Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization
32
ALC
Antenna and ODU mounting
1 2 3
4 5 6
33
ALC
SCT/LCT : Main Features
SCT/LCT connection
SCT Main Window Menus
Routing
Stored Routing Table
Station management
Command Logger
Equipment features management
Configuration backup/restore
Alarm monitoring
LCT Main Window Manus
Radio Parameter Configurations
34
ALC
SUBNETWORK and LOCAL
CRAFT TERMINAL
SCT/LCT
35
ALC
ALC RADIO IP PROTOCOL STACK
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SNMP
TCP / UDP
IP / OSPF
LLC 802.2
MAC 802.3 PPP
36
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SCT : Connections
37
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Connection to the equipment
38
ALC
Login
41
ALC
SCT Menu-Equipment
42
ALC
SCT Menu-Option
43
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SCT Menu-Network
44
ALC
SCT Menu-Tool
45
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Equipment menu Equipment configuration
Alarms configuration
Firmware update
Performance monitoring
Units
Automatic troubleshooting
Software restart
(doesnt cut the traffic)
48
ALC
View Current Alarms
49
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Alarm configuration
50
ALC
Manual operations list
51
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Firmware Update
Firmware
Switch
Download of
the firmware
Upload of
the actual
firmware
52
ALC
Download of the new firmware
Overwriting of old
firmware (total
dowload slow)
Download of different
sections only (fast) or
towards peripheral (radio)
Bench switch after
the download 53
ALC
Performance Monitoring Start/Stop of
selected item
Quality results
54
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UNITS Part number Part number
Status
Trouble severity
Kind of trouble
55
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Diagnosis
56
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Port addresses
All SIAE equipments, regarding SCT software and supervision, are
routers: all interfaces need an address and relevant subnet mask
57
ALC
Routing
58
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Routing
ALC Port and Address
59
ALC
Routing ALC Port and Address in daisy chain
60
ALC
Routing table
Type and address of
crossed port towards
Destination
Netmask and
IP address of
Destination
Default destination
61
ALC
Stored Routing Table
The Stored Routing Table adds routing lines, after a
Restart, to the running Routing Table of the NE.
In this way we can change Ports addresses (operation that
needs a restart) without loosing a remote NE:
1. In Stored Routing Table add the routing lines
relevant to new port addresses you are going to set
2. Set the new port addresses (the equipment restarts)
3. After the restart the equipment has new addresses and
the routing table configured already: the NE
management is still running
62
ALC
Station management
NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in
various stations using the tool :
Subnetwork Configuration Wizard
63
ALC
Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with
Alarm beginning
Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)
64
ALC
Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in
alarm history list: every
acknowledgement can
be managed completely
in station list: new alarm
info is highlighted by
an asterisk
65
ALC
Command logger
Cmd Logger reads the list of operations, executed by the users,
stored on the controller of the equipment.
The log, uploaded from equipment, is stored on the PC for
further consultations. Following filters are available:
Operations date
User address
User type
Operation name
66
ALC
Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From Tool menu, open the proper Template
Select Upload operation and the equipment you want to
upload information from
Save them in a file (*.cfg)
68
ALC
Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a
file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.
69
ALC
LCT
for
ALC
70
ALC
Configuration
General
Bitrate
Modulation
71
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Rx Power Low thresholds
HBer,LBer, EWL
thresholds 1) General preset:
thresholds
72
ALC
2) General preset:
Rx switches
1+0
1+1
In case of no Rx
73
ALC
Radio link parameters
Main parameters of the link are:
Configuration
Capacity Setting has to
For local be copied in
Modulation terminal remote terminal
Link ID
Frequency
Frequency
For both Only Configuration
Capacity local and has to be set locally (on
Modulation remote local and after on
terminal remote)
Link ID
74
ALC
PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)
Measure results and duration Alarm on Checked signal line
75
ALC
ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)
76
ALC
ATPC Characteristics
Maximum ATPC range: This range is limited by the
amount of fixed attenuation with
respect to the nominal TX power
77
ALC
Maintenance
1. Reriodical Check
2. Alarm Meaning
3. Root Cause of Failure
4. Troubleshooting
5. Loop Facilities
78
ALC
Periodical Check
Periodical Checks are used to check for
radio equipment operation without the
presence of any alarm conditions
Check of the TX Power
Check of the Receive Signal Strength
( Reading Value must be match with link hop Cal.)
Check of BER and HOP performance
79
ALC
Normal operating condition
81
ALC
ALARMS
There are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx
Tx This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this
Rx This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this
ODU ODU
Rx
Most Significant alarm
RIM RIM
Tx
LIM LIM
82
ALC
COMMON group
Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but
relevant to the link.
Example:.
EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)
Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)
83
ALC
84
ALC
Link telemetry fail
No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut.
Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion
circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote
station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF
loop, Link ID, ATPC info.
Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs.
TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches)
can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the
problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).
85
ALC
Communication Radio EOC Data link
No link between Local and Remote station or wrong
port address configuration.
EOC is the channel involved in management
communication.
If EOC radio link is active:
- Traffic is OK
- Management is cut (no remote)
86
ALC
PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked
signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active
together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window
87
ALC
Communication 2Mb EOC Data link
No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong
port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS).
EOC is the channel involved in management communication.
If EOC 2Mb link is active:
-Management is cut
(no remote)
- If relative LOS is active,
traffic on that tributary is
cut
88
ALC
Revertive
89
ALC
2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x)
Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AIS
When management messages come via tributary
timeslot, further checks are performed on both
directions of this tributary
90
ALC
Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios dont receive, on local
side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm
is enabled.
When this alarm is on,
check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabled
in LCT General Preset
The alarm remains active
until Reset is given
91
ALC
Link ID
Alarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID 0)
and remote Link ID is different from the local one.
Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured.
Output = AIS
This alarm
causes:
92
ALC
LIM group
These alarms come from
External fault: tributary LOS
LIM failure:
-Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure
-Modulator/demodulator failure
Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM
modules.
RIM or ODU alarms propagation
(seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
93
ALC
94
ALC
Tributary-1 Signal loss Tx
No input or
or
cable disconnected
TRIB. STATUS
Tributary
connected
95
ALC
Multiplexer fail Tx
96
ALC
Branch-x Modulator Fail Tx
97
ALC
Branch-x ODU-IDU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive
information from ODU, or remote commands from other side,
are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame
98
ALC
Branch-x Demodulator Fail Rx
This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol
recognition is higher of a certain level.
Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm:
Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM
I or Q signal missing
High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level)
No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU
faulty, IDU/ODU cable open) Branch Rx quality alarm
Demodulator alarm causes: (software settable)
Traffic is cut
100
ALC
Demultiplexer Fail Rx
101
ALC
RIM group
These alarms come from
External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU
becomes faulty
RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable
open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator
alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is
spread into LIM and RIM modules.
102
ALC
103
ALC
Branch-1 Power Supply
This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition
If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:
this alarm causes all
Rx Branch-1 alarms
except those relevant
Radio1 (is OFF)
Analysis order is:
from now on
104
ALC
Branch-1 Cable open/short
This alarm is active when the following situations occur:
- Cable open alarm no current through cable interface: ODU is not
supplied so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm
instead PSU alarm
- Cable short alarm overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface
Cable open
situation
105
ALC
RT group
These alarms come from
External fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation
or by remote terminal faulty
ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF VCO
alarm or RF IF alarm is activated
106
ALC
107
ALC
Branch-x IDU-ODU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive
command from IDU, are detected:
CRC errors
Loss of frame
108
ALC
Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply
109
ALC
Branch 1 RT VCO fail Tx & Rx
110
ALC
Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal inside
ODU. There are two different IF signals but one alarm
only.
No IF Tx : the alarm is on and causes Tx Power Low
No IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
Rt If fail can be caused by Modulator fail (no IF Tx)
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal made
up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail alarm off
(but Demodulator cannot work Rx alarms).
111
ALC
Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low Tx
112
ALC
Branch 1 RT Rx Power Low
Rx
This alarm occurs when Rx power is under a
defined threshold (about 10 dB under standard Rx
level)
Threshold value can be set for both branches in
range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset
The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is
used to drive Rx switch
113
ALC
UNIT group
114
ALC
115
ALC
OTHER
ALARMS
116
ALC
Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold
is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm
If 0, alarm 15 minutes
is disabled alarms severity
117
ALC
Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms
R = 15 minutes
118
ALC
Recorder : Prx LCT
119
ALC
Measures
Performances is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC (the download needs bitrate).
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)
disconnected.
120
ALC
Current Alarms
121
ALC
Switch modes
Auto
Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms.
Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller
doesnt switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected
Full auto: both branches have same priority
Manual forcing
Operator can select which branch must be operative
despite alarms
122
ALC
Tx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/ Cable open alarm
Modulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
Tx power low alarm
4. Rx failure on both remote radios
5. Revertive Tx lowest priority
123
ALC
Rx switch criteria
1. RIM PSU alarm Highest priority
2. Manual forcing
3. Cable short/open alarm
Base band unit failure alarm
Demodulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10-3,-4,-5)
4. Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10-6,-7,-8)
5. Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10-9,-10,-11,-12)
6. RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm)
7. CRC pulse
8. Revertive Rx lowest priority
124
ALC
EQUIPMENT FEATURE
MANAGEMENT
ALC
125
LOOP FACILITIES
126
ALC
BASEBAND IDU RF
LOOP LOOP LOOP
MOD-DEMOD RF
RIM1 ODU 1
Branch
BASEBAND
1 AL: availableloops
LOOP
Line side datadirection:
- towardstheequipment that hasenabledtheloop(baseband, IDU, RF)
- selectablefor E1loop
MOD-DEMOD RF
BASEBAND
LOOP
AL : available loops
MUX-DEMUX
data direction:
- towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF)
E1 LOOP
- selectable for E1 loop
- only local loops
LIM
E1 LOOP
- onlylocal loops
MUX-DEMUX
Radio side
LIM
LOOPS
127
ALC
Line side Radio side
ALC loop:
external PRBS
L
PT PR
130
ALC
Antenna
D = antenna diameter
D2 2
2
Antenna gain G 10 Log
131
ALC
n2 2 n4
n3
1) Refraction 1 n2
n1
Snell law: n1sen1 n2 sen 2 n1
k = 4/3 (standard)
k > 4/3 (super-standard)
132
ALC
2) hgeo earth is not flat
2
L
hgeo considering geometrical visibility on
a planet with no air
R0
2
L
hgeo with k<4/3 , k=4/3 , k>4/3 considering the
k R0 troposphere refraction (previous page)
hgeo
ALC
R0 = 6378 km 133
3) First Fresnel zone
A nth fresnel zone gives in phase contributes to radio waves
propagation.
In order to avoid attenuation is important that first fresnel
zone is without obstacle: to tower height calculation, must be add
the ray of biggest Fresnel zone, the first zone
L
RM
2
L
RM
134
ALC
Height of the towers
We have to consider:
earths curvature
k effect (refraction)
first Fresnel zone free
From the first we obtain hgeo , with
refraction hgeo becomes hgeo
and from the last we have to add also RM
L L 2
htower RM
hgeo
k R0 2
135
ALC
example
L = 20 km
2
L
f = 23 GHz
hgeo 0.047km 47m
k = 4/3 1.333 R0
R0= 6378 km
+
L
RM 8.1m
2
136
ALC
from previous page: 4QAM/16x2
Fade Margin L = 20 km PT= +20 dBm
f = 23 GHz HBER - 82 dBm
A fs (dB) 92.44 20 Log L f 92.44 53.26 145.7dB
137
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Rain attenuation (f > 8GHz )
138
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E
Rain depolarization H
vertical polar. e.m. wave
Drop weight
H
E
horizontal polar. e.m. wave
Wind
I
v
h
GHz
Indirect ray
141
ALC