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Phase equilibrium
No change in the amounts of different
phases
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical composition does not change
with time.
Processis an operation that changes the
state of a substance.
Constant Constant
Polytrophic
volume pressure
process
process process
A system can be
the part which is
under investigation
and it is identified
by its boundary around
which are the surroundings
A system in which no
matter enters or A system in which
leaves (i.e. crosses matter crosses the
the boundary) is boundary is called
called an open system.
a closed system Mass changes in the
Mass remains process
constant in the
process
Example: Piston and cylinder - a closed system
m
Piston
Gas at pressure, p
Example: The gas turbine engine - an open system
Fuel Flow In
Combustor
open system
closed system
Temperature
is one of the
most
intensive
properties of
a substance
H U pV
When work is done by a
thermodynamic system, it is
ususlly a gas that is doing the
work. The work done by a gas at
constant pressure is:
A pV
For non-constant pressure, the
work can be visualized as the
area under the pressure-volume
curve which represents the
process taking place. The more
general expression for work done
is: V2
A pdV
V1
Heatis the transfer of energy
between a system and its
environment because of a
temperature difference between
them
1 cal = 4.186 J
This is called the Mechanical
Equivalent of Heat
Section 20.2
Every substance requires a unique
amount of energy per unit mass to
change the temperature of that
substance by 1 C
The specific heat, c, of a substance
is a measure of this amount
Q
c Q c m T
m T
SI units
J / kg C
Historical units
cal / g C