ECE 4371, Fall, 2016

Introduction to Telecommunication
Engineering/Telecommunication Laboratory

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 3

Aug. 29th, 2016

 Review
Double side band and AM modulation
Time domain equation and figure
Frequency domain equation and figure
Frequency conversion
Modulation index
AM modulation and demodulation
Coherent vs. non-coherent demoludation
QAM and Single side band, section 4.4
Vestigial side band, section 4.5
FDM system, section 4.7
Analog TV, section 4.9
 QAM
AM signal BANDWIDTH : AM signal bandwidth is twice the bandwidth
of the modulating signal. A 5kHz signal requires 10kHz bandwidth for AM
transmission. If the carrier frequency is 1000 kHz, the AM signal spectrum
is in the frequency range of 995kHz to 1005 kHz.
QUADRARTURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION is a scheme that allows
two signals to be transmitted over the same frequency range.
Coherent in frequency
and phase. Expensive
TV for analog
Most modems
 Single Sideband (SSB)
Purpose : to reduce the bandwidth requirement of AM by one-half. This is
achieved by transmitting only the upper sideband or the lower sidebband of
the DSB AM signal.
 SSB Frequency

M()

baseband

2B 2B
0

DSB
c c
0

SSB () SSB (Upper sideband)

SSB
c c
0
 SSB Math
1 sgn( )
M () M()U() M()
1
2
M() M() sgn( ) m ( t ) 21 m(t) 21 F 1 {M()} F 1 {sgn( )}
2
1
F 1 {sgn( )}
1

j
m (t) m(t) jm( t )
1
1
m(t) jm h (t )
jt t 2
t 2

1 1 m( )
where m h ( t ) m( t ) d
t t
m h ( t ) is called the Hilbert transform of m(t). M ()
1
Similarly, we can show that m ( t ) 1
m(t) jm( t ) 1
m(t) jm h ( t ) M ()
2
t 2

F 1 {sgn( )} M H () j M() sgn( )

How to generate mh(t) ?

MH () jM() sgn( ) H( ) 1
M () M() Mh()
H( ) H - jsgn( )
M() H()

j for 0
H( )
j for 0 2

Transfer function of a Hilbert transformer
2
 SSB Hilbert
SSB signal can be expressed in terms of m(t) and its Hilbert transform

SSB USB () M ( c ) M ( c )
M ( c ) F - 1 {m ( t )e jc t } F - 1 { 21 (m( t ) jm h ( t ))e jc t }
M ( c ) F - 1 {m ( t )e jc t } F - 1 { 21 (m( t ) jm h ( t ))e jc t
M ( c ) M ( c ) F - 1 { 21 (m( t ) jm h ( t ))e jc t 2
1 (m( t ) jm ( t ))e jc t }
h

F -1 21 m(t)( e j t e j t ) j 21 mh
c c
( t )( e jc t e jc t )
F - 1 m(t) cos( c t ) m h ( t )sin( c t )
SSB USB () F - 1 m(t) cos( c t ) m h ( t )sin( c t )

Similarly, we can show that SSB LSB () F - 1 m(t) cos( c t ) m h ( t )sin( c t );

In general, SSB () F - 1 m(t) cos( c t ) m h ( t )sin( c t ) (- for USB, for LSB )

 SSB Generator
Selective Filtering using filters with sharp cutoff characteristics. Sharp cutoff
filters are difficult to design. The audio signal spectrum has no dc
component, therefore , the spectrum of the modulated audio signal has a null
around the carrier frequency. This means a less than perfect filter can do a
reasonably good job of filtering the DSB to produce SSB signals.
Baseband signal must be bandpass
Filter design challenges
No low frequency components

0
c c
 SSB Generator
Phase shift method using Hilbert transformer
Non-causal filter, approximations

x
+
m(t)
cos c ) ~
+ ssb (t )

2

Hilbert
Transformer X
 SSB Demodulation
Synchronous, SSB-SC demodulation
SSB ( t ) cos(c t ) m( t ) cos(c t ) jm h ( t ) sin(c t )cos(n(c t ) 21 m( t )(1 cos(c t )) jm h ( t ) sin(2c t )

A lowpass filter can be used to get 21 m( t ).

SSB+C, envelop detection

SSB C ( t ) A cos( c t ) m( t ) cos( c t ) m h ( t ) sin( c t )
An envelope detector can be used to demodulate such SSB signals .
What is the envelope of SSB C ( t ) ( A m( t )) cos( c t )) m h ( t ) sin( c t ) E( t ) cos( c t ) ?

{Recall Acos( ) Bsin( ) A 2 B 2 2

cos( ), tan -1( B
A
))
E(t) (( A m( t )) 2 m h2 ( t )) (( A 2 m 2 ( t )) m h2 ( t ) 2Am( t ))
1 1
2 2

A1 A
2m( t )
2
m (t) 2
mh ( t )
A
A2
2

A m( t ) for A m(t) , A m h (t) .

The efficiency of this scheme is very low since A has to be large.
 SSB vs. AM
Since the carrier is not transmitted, there is a reduction by
67% of the transmitted power (-4.7dBm). --In AM @100%
modulation: 2/3 of the power is comprised of the carrier; with
the remaining (1/3) power in both sidebands.
Because in SSB, only one sideband is transmitted, there is a
further reduction by 50% in transmitted power
Finally, because only one sideband is received, the receiver's
needed bandwidth is reduced by one half--thus effectively
reducing the required power by the transmitter another 50%
(-4.7dBm (+) -3dBm (+) -3dBm = -10.7dBm).
Relative expensive receiver
 Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
VSB is a compromise between DSB and SSB. To produce SSB signal from
DSB signal ideal filters should be used to split the spectrum in the middle so
that the bandwidth of bandpass signal is reduced by one half. In VSB system
one sideband and a vestige of other sideband are transmitted together. The
resulting signal has a bandwidth > the bandwidth of the modulating
(baseband) signal but < the DSB signal bandwidth.
DSB

c c
0
SSB () SSB (Upper sideband)

c c
0
VSB () VSB Spectrum

c c
Filtering scheme for the generation of VSB modulated wave.
 VSB Transceiver
m(t) VSB () e(t)
VSB () M()
H i ( ) LPF
Ho()

2cos( c t )
2cos( c t )
Transmitter Receiver

M() is bandlimite d to 2B rad/sec

VSB () [M( c ) M( c )]Hi ()
E() [ VSB ( c ) VSB ( c )]
[Hi ( c )M( 2 c ) Hi ( c )M() Hi ( c )M() Hi ( c )M( 2 c )]
High freq. term High freq. term
M() E()Ho () Hi ( c ) Hi ( c )M()Ho ()
[Hi ( c )M( 2 c ) Hi ( c )M( 2 c )]Ho ()
Lowpass filter removes this.
Thus we should have Hi ( c ) Hi ( c )Ho () 1 for 2B
1
OR Ho ()
Hi ( c ) Hi ( c )
 Other Facts about VSB
Envelope detection of VSB+C
Analog TV:
DSB, SSB and VSB
DSB bandwidth too high
SSB: baseband has low
frequency component, receiver
cost
Relax the filter and baseband
requirement with modest increase
in bandwidth
 (a) Idealized magnitude
spectrum of a transmitted TV
signal. (b) Magnitude
response of VSB shaping
filter in the receiver.
 Comparison

Common types & modulated signal

1. AM: sAM (t ) Ac [1 m(t )]cos(2 f ct )
2. DSB: sDSB (t ) Ac m(t ) cos(2 f ct )
3. QAM: sQAM (t ) Ac m1 (t ) cos(2 f c t ) Ac m2 (t ) sin(2 f c t )
4. SSB: sSSB (t ) Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) Ac m (t ) sin(2 f ct )
5. VSB: sVSB (t ) Ac m(t ) cos(2 f ct ) Ac m(t ) sin(2 f ct )
Complex domain representation:
s(t ) Re{g (t )e j 2 fct },
complex envelop: g (t ) ?
Bandwidth: Bm B 2 Bm (Bm : message bandwdith)
Block diagram of FDM system.
Illustrating the modulation steps in an FDM system
FMA of SSB for Telephone Systems
FMA of SSB for Telephone Systems
FMA of SSB for Telephone Systems
 AM Broadcasting
History
Frequency
Long wave: 153-270kHz
Medium wave: 520-1,710kHz, AM radio
Short wave: 2,300-26,100kHz, long distance, SSB, VOA
Limitation
Susceptibility to atmospheric interference
Lower-fidelity sound, news and talk radio
Better at night, ionosphere.
 Superheterodyne vs. homodyne
Move all frequencies of different channels to one medium freq.
In AM receivers, that frequency is 455 kHz,
for FM receivers, it is usually 10.7 MHz.

Filter Design Concern

Accommodate more radio stations
Edwin Howard Armstrong
 Television
Digital Display (CRT)
Analog Display (TV)

Eliminate flicker effects

Deflection Signal and Synchronization
Deflection signal and synchronization signal

525525 30=8.27M
Solar Power and Human Eye
 RGB, LIQ

mL=0.3mr+0.59mg+0.11mb
mI=0.6mr+0.28mg-0.32mb
mQ=0.21mr-0.52mg+0.31mb
Bandwidth

VSB and QAM

Comb Filtering
 NTSC, PAL, and SECAM
National Television System Committee
Low complexity, higher vertical color resolution
525 line/60Hz(30frames per second)
Phase Alternative Line: PAL
The phase of the color components is reversed from line to line
Robust to Multipath, phase distortion
625line/50Hz(25 frames per second), slightly larger bandwidth
SECAM
Requires the receiver to memorize the content of each line
Mono when used for different standards
TV standards in the world
 Why is it Changing for Digital TV?

Digital is Better
No snow, no static, no ghosts

Higher resolution images, and Sound

Additional channels
Frees up Bandwidth for Other Important Needs
More Options
Improved captions (but not without pain)
Interactive TV
TV to your Cell Phone or PDA? (Iphone, Asia)
 Digital TV

Displays as Pixels

Signal is just a bunch of bits

Define color and intensity of
each point on the screen
Bit stream is heavily
compressed
Captions are also digital

And Thats the News, Tonight

1010011000101101110100110001011011
 What is Ultra HD

Source: What Is 4K TV?, MARCH 10, 2014, www.tomsguide.com

 Ultra HD Plus

Wider color gamut

High Dynamic Range
High Frame Rate

* Gamut page in Wikipedia

Diagram by Dave Stump