CHAPTER 16

FORCE DUE TO FLUIDS IN

MOTION
 DISCUSSION MAP
Whenever a fluid stream is deflected from its initial direction or if
its velocity is changed, a force is required to accomplish the change.
You must be able to determine the magnitude and direction of such
forces in order to design the structure to contain the fluid flow
safely.
Sometimes the force of the fluid causes a desired motion, such as
when a jet of water strikes the blades of a turbine. The rotation of
the turbine generates useful power.
 OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Use Newtons second law of motion, F = ma, to develop the force
equation, which is use to compute the force exerted by a fluid as
its direction of motion or its velocity is changed.
2. Use the force equation to compute the force exerted on a
stationary object that cause the change in direction of a fluid flow
stream.
3. Use the force equation to compute the force exerted on bends in
pipelines.
4. Use the force equation to compute the force on moving objects,
such as the vanes of a pump impeller.
 FORCE EQUATION
Whenever the magnitude or direction of the velocity of a body is
changed, a force is required to accomplish the change.
Newtons second law of motion is often used to express this
concept in mathematical form; the most common form is
= (16-1)
m = mass
a = acceleration; the time rate change of velocity
 FORCE EQUATION
In fluid flow problems, a continuous flow is caused to undergo the
acceleration, and a different form of Newtons equation is desirable.
Because acceleration is time rate of change of velocity, Equation (16-1)
can be written as

= = (16-2)

The term m/t van interpreted as mass flow rate, that is, the amount of
mass in a given amount of time.
Mass flow rate, M is related to the volume flow rate by the relation
= (16-3)
where is the density of fluid.
 FORCE EQUATION
= = = (16-4)

This is the general from of the force equation for use in fluid flow
problems because it involve the velocity and volume flow rate.
 PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD
USING THE FORCE EQUATION
In Equation (16-4), force and velocity are both vector quantities. The equation is
valid only when all term have the same direction.
For this reason, different equations are written for each direction of concern in a
particular case.
In general, if three perpendicular direction called x, y, and z, a separate equation
can be written for each direction:
= = (2 1 ) (16-5)
= = (2 1 ) (16-6)
= = (2 1 ) (16-7)
 PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD
USING THE FORCE EQUATION
, refer to the net external force that acts on the fluid
in x, y and z respectively.
, , refer to the change of velocity in x, y and z
respectively
1 is the velocity as the fluid enter the device
2 is the velocity as the fluid leave the device
 PROCEDURE FOR USING THE
FORCE EQUATIONS
1. Identify a portion of the fluid stream to be considered a free body.
This will be the part where the fluid is changing direction or where
the geometry of the flow stream is changing.
2. Establish reference axes for direction of force. Usually one axis is
chosen to be parallel to one part of the flow stream. In the
example problems to follow, the positive x and y directions are
chosen to be in the same direction as the reaction forces.
 PROCEDURE FOR USING THE
FORCE EQUATIONS
3. Identify and show on the free-body diagram all external force acting on
the fluid. All solid surface that affect the direction of the flow stream
exert forces. Also, the fluid pressure acting on the cross-sectional area
of the stream exert a force in a direction parallel to the stream at the
boundary of the free body.
4. Show the direction of the velocity of flow as it enters the free body and
as it leave the free body.
5. Using data thus shown foe the free body, write the force equations in
the pertinent direction, Use Equation (16-5), (16-6) or (16-7).
6. Substitute data and solve for the desired quantity.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 16.1
A 25-mm-diameter jet of water having a velocity of 6 m/s is deflected
90 by the curved vane, as shown in Figure 16.1. The jet flow freely in
the atmosphere in a horizontal plane. Calculate the x and y force
exerted on the water by the vane.

FIGURE 16.1 Water jet

deflected by a curved vane
 SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.1
FIGURE 16.2 Force diagram
for the fluid deflected by the vane.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.1
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 16.2
In a decorative fountain, 0.05 m3/s of
water having a velocity of 8 m/s is being
deflected by the angle chute shown in
Figure 16.3. Determine the reactions on
the chute in the x and y direction shown.
Also calculate the total resultant force
and the direction in which it acts.
Neglect elevation changes.

FIGURE 16.3 Decorative fountain

deflecting a water jet.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.2
FIGURE 16.4 Force diagram for
the fluid deflected by the vane.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.2
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.2
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.2
FORCE ON BENDS IN PIPELINES
Figure 16.5 shows a typical 90 FIGURE 16.5 Pipe elbow
elbow in a pipe carrying a steady
volume flow rate Q. To ensure proper
installation, it is important to know
how much force is required to hold it
in equilibrium.
The following problem demonstrates
an approach to do this type of
situation.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 16.3
Calculate the force that must be exerted on the pipe shown in Figure
16.5 to hold it in equilibrium. The elbow is in horizontal plane and is
connected to two 4-in Schedule 40 pipes carrying 3000 L/min of
water at 15C. The inlet pressure is 550 kPa.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.3
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.3
FIGURE 16.6 Force diagram on
the fluid in the elbow.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.3
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.3
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.3
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.3
 FORCE ON MOVING
OBJECTS
The vane of turbine and other rotating machinery are familiar
example of moving objects that are acted on by high-velocity fluids.
A jet of fluid with a velocity greater than that of the blades of the
turbine exerts a force on the blades, causing them to accelerate or to
generate useful mechanical energy.
When dealing with forces on moving bodies, the relative motion of
the fluid with respect to body must be considered.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 16.5
Figure 16.9 (a) shows a jet of water with a velocity v1 striking a vane that
is moving with a velocity v0. Determine the force exerted by the vane on
the water if v1 = 20 m/s and v0 = 8 m/s. the jet is 50 mm in diameter.
FIGURE 16.9 Flow deflected
by a moving vane.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.5
SOLUTION PROBLEM 16.5
ANY QUESTIONS?

-THE END-