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Topics to be covered are:

Introduction
Types of Fibers:
(i) SM & MM.
(ii) SI, GI
Sources; LEDs, LD.
Detectors; PIN, APD.
Fabrication, Application,
Power balance Calculation
OTDR
Integrated optics
Optical Networks
WDM concepts.
Optical Networks 2
INTRODUCTION

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 HISTORY OF OPTICAL COMN
Fire signals - 800BC.

Fire signal relay system 600BC.

Transmitted the message of the final conquest of Trojan.

Telescope extended the range of optical relays - 1600AD

Optical Semaphore telegraph by Claude Chappe -1791AD.

Photophone by Graham Bell 1880.

LASER 1960AD.

Development of low loss fibers (20 dB/Km) at 633nm

1970AD.
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 TXN THROUGH ATMOSPHERE

Restd to LOS.
Low capacity Comn Link.
Affected by atmospheric disturbances
Rain
Snow
Fog
Dust

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 Info carrying capacity is related to BW , which is limited to
fraction of carrier freq.
Optical carrier freq are at 1014 to 1016 Hz.
BW at Optical freq is 10,000 times the microwave Freq.
Initial attn in Optical fiber was 1000 dB /Km.
Lasers reduced to 5 dB/Km.
Presently, 0.2 dB/Km at 1.55m.
Initially semiconductor lasers had short life of few Hr, then
1000 Hr, Now 7000 Hr.
Originally sources were from alloy of AlGaAs , which emitted
in near IR 0.8 to 0.9 m subsequently extended to 1.1 to 1.6 m .
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OPTICAL FIBER COMN SYSTEM

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 OPTICAL FIBER COMN SYS

Info Electrical Optical Analog/Digital

Source Txtr Source Mod
LED/ Laser

Optical fibre Cable

Optical
Elec Rxr Destination
Detector
Photo Diode/
Avalanche PD

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 OPTICAL FIBER COMN SYS

Information source provides the signal to the

transmitter.
The electrical stage drives an optical source to give
modulation of the light wave carrier.
The optical source provides the electrical-optical
conversion.
Txn medium is an optical fiber cable.
The rxr consists of an optical detector .
Detector drives the electrical stage and hence
provides demodulation of the optical carrier. It
provides the optical electrical conversion.
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 ADVANTAGES
The advantages of fiber optic as compared to
copper, co-axial, MW and Satl, as media, include:
Enormous Potential BW.
Small Size and weight.
Electrical isolation.
Immunity to interference and x talk.
Txn Security.
Low txn loss.
Ruggedness and flexibility.
System reliability and ease of maint.
Potential low cost.

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 CLADDING

125 m 8 m
CORE

SINGLE MODE FIBER

CORE

125 m 50 m
CLADDING

MULTI MODE FIBER

75 m

HUMAN HAIR
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 DISADVANTAGES

High initial cost.

Taps.
Fragile.
High deg of proficiency in laying and maint.
Jointing and Splicing difficult.

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Transmission Windows
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 FIBER APPLICATIONS
Voice Data
Tele comn Air Craft wiring
Subscriber svc Ship wiring
Fd comn Satl grnd stns
Video Cmptrs
Broadcast TV LANs
Svl Fiber to home
Remote Monitoring Sensors
Fiber guided Msl

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OPTICAL FIBER
STRUCTURE

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STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL
FIBER

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 OPTICAL FIBER STRUCTURE
Optical fiber has transparent Core (RI n1)
surrounded by transparent cladding of slightly
lower RI (n2).

Cladding
Supports Core.

Reduces rdn losses to surroundings.

Light energy travels in both core and cladding.

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PROPAGATION OF
LIGHT IN A FIBER

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 When light enters from a denser to rarer
medium (i.e. n1>n2), it bends away from the
normal to the point of incidence.

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l

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 Skew Rays

Skew rays circulate around the core and increase

the dispersion.
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 n2 Cladding
n0
c
2
a
n1 Core
A
B

n1>n2>n0

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 ANGLE OF ACCEPTANCE

Only rays with angle greater than c at the core-

cladding interface are transmitted by total internal
reflection.
All rays entering the fiber core will not continue to
be propagated down its length.
Consider a Meridional Ray A incident on the core
cladding interface at critical angle c.

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 This ray enters the fiber core at an angle a to the
fiber axis and is refracted at the air-core interface
before transmission to the core-cladding interface
at the critical angle.
Rays which are incident into the fiber core at an
angle greater than a would be transmitted to the
core cladding interface at an angle less than c
and will not be totally internally reflected.
Ray B is lost by radiation.

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 Rays transmitted by total internal reflection within the
fiber core must be incident on the fiber core within an
acceptance cone defined by the conical half angle a.

a is the maximum angle to the axis at which light can

enter the fiber in order to be propagated and is called
the acceptance angle for the fiber.

If the fiber has a regular cross-section, an incident

Meridional Ray at greater than the critical angle would
continue to be reflected and will be transmitted through
the fiber.
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 Core(n1)
Cladding(n2)

Guided Light

NA = n0 Sin c = n1-n2
2 a is the Cone of Acceptance ( Light will be guided with
in this angle only).
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NUMERICAL APERTURE

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TRANSMISSION OF A RAY IN FIBRE

n2 Cladding

n1

Core

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 n2 Cladding
n0 B
Core
A 2
1 C n1

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