Urinary system - systema urinarium

Kidney - ren, nephros

Renal pelvis - pelvis renalis
Ureter
Urinary bladder - vesica urinaria
Femal urethra - urethra feminina
Male urethra - urethra masculina
Development and congenital defects
Urinary system - organa urinaria
homeostasis (electrolyte and watter balance),
excretion of metabolic products,

Production of urine - kidney

Transportation pelvis, ureter, urethra
Accumulation urinary bladder
Micturition

Endocrine functions (renin, erythropoetin)

Urinary tract from prostate also genital tract
Structure of urinary tract organs transitional
epithelium (urothelium), smooth muscle layer,
adventitia
Kidney - ren (nephros) lateral + medial border, hilum, sinus,
anterior+posterior surface, superior + inferior extremity
Renculisation Horseshoe kidney
Position of the kidney
in retroperitoneal cavity
of lumbar region
n.subcostalis, n. iliohypogastricus, n. ilioinguinalis,
diaphragma, m. iliopsoas, m. quadratus lumborum,
m. transversus abdominis, recessus costodiaphragmaticus
 Renal envelopes

Fibrous caspule, perinephric fat (capsula adiposa renis),

renal fascia, paranephric fat (corpus adiposum pararenale)
renal cortex, medulla, lobi renales (pyramids) 5-14, renal
papilla, cribirform area, opening of papillary ducts (120 770)
Renal pelvis (ampullar x ramificate type), major (2-3) and
minor (7-14) renal calices. Renal a., anterior r. (praepelvicus),
posterior r. (retropelvicus), segmental aa.
 Renal arteries, renal vascular segments

A. renalis:
r. anterior, r. posterior, segmental aa., interlobar aa.
Segments:
superior, upper anterior, lower anterior, inferior, posterior
Intrarenal vessels
arteries
segmental aa.
interlobar aa., arcuate aa.
cortical radiate aa.
afferent + efferent
glomerular aa.
intertubular capillary
plexuses x straight
medullar arterioles
veins
interlobar vv., arcuate vv.,
cortical radiate vv.
straight vv., stellate vv.
Uriniferous tubules:
nephron = glomerular
capsule + renal tubule
(proximal convoluted
tubule, renal loop of
Henle, distal convoluted
tubule)
glomerular filtration,
selective tubular
resorption
(countercurrent multiplier
and exchange system)
tubular secretion,
collecting duct
papillary duct
180 l primary urine 1.8 l
definitive urine; 1 1,5
mio. of nephrons/kidney
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA): dense macula
(chemosensitive area of distal tubule), juxtaglomerulal cells
of media of afferent a. producing renin, pole cushion
(extraglomerular mesangium). JGA - feedback device
regulating perfusion of glomerule by renin production.
Urinary filter: endothelium, basal lamina, podocytes
Renal pelvis,
calices

Branching x
ampullary type
Major + minor
calices
Muscular layer
(contraction
vaves),
mucous
membrane,
urothelium
Ureter
( 25-30 cm )
Parts:
abdominal
pelvic
intramural

3 constrictions

ureteric point

muscular layer
mucous
layer
Urinary bladder
(vesica urinaria)
Apex, body, fundus,
neck, uvula,
trigon of bladder,
ureteric orifice,
internal urethral
orifice,
interureteric crest,
serous coat,
subserous layer,
muscular layer,
detrusor, trigonal
muscle,
submucousa,
mucosa,
 Relations of the urinary bladder in male

Recto-vesical pouch, pubo-vesical lig., pubo-prostatic lig.,

retropubic space, recto-vesical septum, paracystium
Trigonum interampullare Urinary bladder
frontal section of pelvis
at the level of prostate
 Pelvic relationships
in the female

vesico-uterine pouch, recto-uterine pouch, pubovesical lig.,

retropubic space, vesico-vaginal septum, paracystium,
recto-vaginal septum
Vessels +nerves: superior + inferior vesical artery, venous plexus,
parasympathetic (S2-4) nerves activate detrusor,
sympathetic nerves (L1-3) innervate sphincter in male, vesical aa.
common and internal iliac nodes
Female urethra
Fibromuscular tube
(4 cm)
internal orifice,
(filling, voiding)
external orifice
Parts: intramural, pelvic,
perineal,
external urtehral
sphincter,
urethral glands,
(para-urethral ducts)
Male urethra (cca 20 cm)
(urinary + seminal duct)
internal orifice,
Parts: intramural,
prostatic, spongy
External orifice
seminal colliculus,
prostatic sinus,
internal urethral
sphincter,
external urtehral
sphincter,
urethral glands,
urethral lacunae,
navicular fossa
Urinary Bladder

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac

Temporarily stores urine
Urinary Bladder

Trigone three openings

Two from the ureters
One to the urethrea
Urinary Bladder Wall

Three layers of smooth muscle

(detrusor muscle)
Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
Walls are thick and folded in an empty
bladder
Bladder can expand significantly without
increasing internal pressure
Urethra

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from

the bladder to the outside of the body by
peristalsis
Release of urine is controlled by two
sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
Urethra Gender Differences

Length
Females 34 cm (1 inch)
Males 20 cm (8 inches)
Location
Females along wall of the vagina
Males through the prostate and penis
Urethra Gender Differences

Function
Females only carries urine
Males carries urine and is a passageway
for sperm cells
Micturition (Voiding)

Both sphincter muscles must open to

allow voiding
The internal urethral sphincter is relaxed
after stretching of the bladder
Activation is from an impulse sent to the
spinal cord and then back via the pelvic
splanchnic nerves
The external urethral sphincter must be
voluntarily relaxed
Development of urinary system
pronephros
mesonephros
mesonephric duct (Wolffian), ureteral bud
metanephros,
cloaca, urogenital sinus
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Figure 16-8 Later changes in the development of the metanephros.

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Figure 16-5 Stages in the development of a metanephric tubule.
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Figure 16-9 A-C, Migration of the kidneys from the pelvis to their definitive adult level. D, Cross section of the pathway of migration of the kidneys out of the pelvis.

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 Figure 16-12 Common renal anomalies. A, Unilateral renal agenesis. The ureter is also missing. B, Unilateral renal hypoplasia. C, Supernumerary kidney. D and E,
Complete duplication of ureter, presumably arising from two separate ureteric buds. F and G, Partial duplication of ureter, presumably arising from a bifurcated ureteric
bud.

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Congenital anomalies
of the urinary system

Renal agenesis

Supernumerary kidney

Pelvic kidney

Anomalies of renal arteries

Compensatory hypertrophy

Missing ureter

Ureter duplication

Congenital polycystic kidney

Exstrophy of the bladder

Figure 16-14 Migration defects of the kidney. A, Pelvic kidney. B, Crossed ectopia. The right kidney has crossed the left ureter and has migrated only part of the normal
distance.

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