RESPIRATION

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 RESPIRATORY PROCESS

polysaccharides
Build up Protein
macromolecules Nucleic acid

Moving of substances
in or out of the cells
IMPORTANCE Active transport against a
OF ENERGY concentration gradient

mucle contraction
Cellular Movement of
movement chromosome

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 INHALE PROCESS
BREATHING/EXTERNAL
RESPIRATION

EXHALE PROCESS

RESPIRATION
(oxidation of food
substances with the
release of energy)

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(energy is released from
the breakdown of
glucose in living cells
using oxygen) ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION

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 AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION RESPIRATION

- Breakdown of food - Breakdown of food

substances in the presence substances in the absence
of oxygen and release of oxygen and release
energy energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + -Occur in yeast and

6H2O + Energy
skeletal muscle

-Occur in mitochondria
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 Glucose is convert into ethanol and CO2
ANAEROBIC C6H1206 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy
RESPIRATION IN YEAST Glucose molecule is partly broken
down,energy released is lesser than aerobic
respiration.

During vigorous exercise, lungs and

hearts are not able to provide sufficient
O2.
Muscles carry out anearobic respiration.
ANAEROBIC C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + Energy
RESPIRATION IN Lactic acid build up in the muscles and
causes muscle fatigue.
HUMAN MUSCLES After the vigorous exercise, body must
get rid of the lactic acid quickly
Deep breathing will supplies extra
oxygen to break down lactic acid to CO2
and water, which are then excreted.

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Amount of oxygen needed t
break down lactic acid forme
in the muscles

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 Aerobic respiration Anerobic respiration

similarities

1. Both are cellular respiration

2. Glucose is the main substrate
3. Energy is produced

Differences

Oxygen is required Oxygen is not required

Glucose is broken down completely
Large amount of energy is released
CO2 and water are produced
Occurs in cytoplasm and
mitochondria
Glucose is not broken down
completely
Small amount of energy is released
Ethanol and CO2 are produced in the
yeast. Lactic acid is produced in the
muscle
Only occur in cytoplasm 7
8
 Left lung has
2 lobes

Each lung has 1.5-

2.5 million of alve

Right lung- has 3 lobes 9

 PART STRUCTURE
Nasal cavity Inner wall is lined with a
ciliated epithelium and mucous
secreting cells.
Trachea A large tube that is supported
by C-shaped cartilage.
The inner wall is lined with a
ciliated epithelium and mucous
secreting cells.
Bronchi Two tubes which branches
from the trachea.
Circular rings of cartilages
support the tubes.
FUNCTION
Dust and microorganisms are
trapped by mucous and are
carried towards the throat by the
cilia.
The air from the atmosphere is
warmed and moistened before it
enters the lung.
Dust and microorganisms are
trapped by mucous and carried
towards the throat by cilia
Carries the inspired air to the
bronchi.
Dust and microorganisms are
trapped by mucous and carried
towards the throat by cilia
Carry the inspired air to the
bronchioles.
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Bronchioles Very small air tubes in the
lungs
The tubes are lined with
mucous.
Lack of cartilage
Alveoli Small,moist,thin wall air sacs
(0.2 mmin diameter)
Dust and microorganisms are
trapped by the mucous and
are carried towards the throat
by cilia.
Carries the inspired air to the
alveoli
Gaseous exchange between
the blood and the lungs.

Cilia

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Bronchus
 ADAPTATION OF ALVEOLI FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Rich supply of
Very thin walls Moist surface blood
The alveolar wall The inner surfaces 80% of the
is only one-cell of the alveoli are alveolar walls are
A large surface
thick. covered with a covered with the
area
thin layer of fluid. blood capillaries.
Total surface of the The diffusion of
oxygen and Gases have to They supply
alveoli is about
carbon dioxide dissolve in the blood to
75m2.
can be occur fluid before transport gases
easily diffuse across the to and from the
alveolar wall. alveoli.

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Alveoli
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 Paramecium Reino protista

PROTOZOA

External Gases diffuse

Large surface surface acts as in and out of
area for the an efficient the organisms
gas diffusion respiratory and over the whole
surface cell membrane
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 The body is protected by exoskeleton that is
impervious to the gases
Air reaches the body cell through elaborated
system of branching tubes called trachea. Trachea
are divided to tracheoles. Tracheal system
provides a large surface area for gas exchange.
INSECTS Air enters the trachea through a series of openings
along the sides of the body - spiracles.
Oxygen dissolves in the fluid found in the
tracheoles and passes to the body cells through
diffusion.
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 Has 4 pairs of gills, each
supported by a bony arch.
Gills have 2 rows of gill filaments,
contain numerous gill lamella.
Each gill lamella is folded into gill
plates that have thin walls and
supplied with blood capillaries.
The arrangement increase the
surface area of the gills.
Oxygen dissolved in the water
diffuse into blood capillaries while
carbon dioxide diffuse in the
reverse direction.

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 AMPHIBIANS

Tadpoles breathe through the skin

and gills
Adult frogs breathe through the
lungs, skin and mucous lining of
mouth.
Frog development Lungs, skin and mouth have many
blood capillaries.
There are many folds inside the lung
sacs, which increase the respiratory
surface.
When the frog remains under water
for a long time, all the oxygen needed
enter the blood through its skin.
Frog swallows air through the nostril
to the lung by using the muscles on
the floor of its mouth.
Adult frog When breathing, frog will closed its
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mouth.
 Large surface area Thin surface for gas
Air sacs have folded exchange
linings or lead-like plates. Diffusion of gases can
occur rapidly

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY
SURFACES IN LARGE ORGANISMS

Constantly moving transport Moist respiratory

medium surface
Efficient blood circulatory system Enable gases to
ensures that a concentration gradient dissolve in a liquid
is always maintained. when they diffuse into
Diffusion of gases occur between or out of the cells.
the respiratory surface and the blood
cells.
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 MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN HUMANS

EXHALATION INHALATION

Internal intercostal muscles (inside the External intercostal muscles

rib cage)contract, external intercostal contract,internal intercostal muscles
muscle (outside the rib cage) relax. relax.
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Rib cage move downwards and inwards. Rib cage move upwards and outwards.
 EXHALATION INHALATION
The diaphragm muscles relax and The diaphragm muscles contract
move upwards. and become flattens.

Volume of the thoracic cavity will Volume of thoracic cavity will

decrease increase

Pressure inside the thoracic cavity Pressure inside the thoracic cavity
increase, more than the decrease, less than the
atmospheric pressure. atmospheric pressure.

Air is forced out of the lungs. Air is drawn into the lungs

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 BREATHING MECHANISM

Protozoan
Unicellular
Large surface area to
Protozoans
volume ratio

Entire cell surface

acts as an area for
gaseous exchange Oxygen enters the
organism and carbon
dioxide leaves by
diffusion.

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 Rhythmic Contraction of the
expansion and abdominal
When abdomen
contraction of muscles flattens
expands, air is
the abdominal the body,
drawn into the
walls help to decreases the
trachea through
drive the air in volume of trachea
the spiracles.
and out of the and air is force
body out of the body

The level of CO2 Air sacs that

Each spiracle is
in the body connected to
controlled by a
determines the trachea will
system of valves
size of the pump the air
operated by tiny
spiracles throughout the
muscles.
aperture tracheal system

BREATHING
MECHANISM
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26
During inspiration, fish opens its mouth
and lowers the floor of the mouth

The pressure inside the mouth lower

than the external pressure. So, water
enter the mouth and the operculum
press against the body.

Gaseous exchange occurs as water flows

past the gills.

Water then passes out through the

operculum. Operculum opens due to
increased pressure in the mouth.

BREATHING MECHANISM IN FISH 27

 Nostrils open, mouth
and glottis close, the
floor of the mouth
cavity is lowered

The lungs expand

and gaseous The air pressure
exchange takes inside the mouth
BREATHING cavity is reduced.
place
MECHANISMS IN
AMPHIBIANS
(INHALATION)

Air is drawn
The nostrils close, the through the
floor of mouth cavity nostril into the
is raised to force the mouth cavity
air through the glottis
into the lungs

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During expiration, the nostrils open. The muscles of the body wall contract to
force the air from the lungs to the mouth cavity and nostrils.

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 PARTIAL PRESSURE

0.03%
21%
CARBON
OXYGEN
DIOXIDE

0.97%
78%
OTHER
NITROGEN
GASES
AIR
Atmospheric pressure 760mm Hg

Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) 21% of 760mm Hg, that is

160mm Hg. 30
 GASES EXCHANGE ACROSS THE SURFACE
OF THE ALVEOLUS AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES
IN LUNGS

Respiratory gas
Po2 is higher in the Pco2 is lower in the
diffuses down its
alveolar space alveolar space
partial pressure
compared to Po2 in compared to Pco2 in
gradient (higher
the blood. So, the blood. So, CO2
partial pressure to
oxygen enter the enter the alveolar
lower partial
alveolar capillaries. capillaries.
pressure)

CO2 diffuses from the
blood across the walls
of the capillary and
the alveolus into the
alveolar space
O2 dissolves in the
fluid that coat the
surface of alveolus
and diffuse across the
walls of alveolus and
capillaries into the
blood
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 TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN
HUMANS

More than 98% of oxygen is carried by

haemoglobin in the erythrocytes in the form
of oxyhaemoglobin
Hb + 4O2 HbO8
Haemoglobin oxygen oxyhaemoglobin

2% of oxygen is transported as dissolved

oxygen in the plasma

85% of CO2 is transported in the blood as

bicarbonate ions.

H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

carbonic acid bicarbonate ion
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 10% of CO2 binds to
haemoglobin to form
carbaminohaemoglobin.

5% of CO2 is transported in
the form of dissolved CO2
in the plasma.

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 THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES
BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND THE BODY CELL

Po2 in the blood Oxygen diffuses

Pco2 in the blood from the blood
cells is lower cells is higher
compared to the across the walls of
compare to the the capillary and
Po2 in the blood Pco2 in the blood
entering tissue the plasma
entering tissue membrane into the
capillary capillary body cells.

Po2 is lower in the After diffusion, Pco2

Carbon
blood leaving the is higher in the blood
dioxide
tissue capillary leaving the tissue
diffuses in
compared to the capillary compare to
the opposite
blood entering the the blood entering
direction
tissue capillary tissue capillary
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36
 Content Inspired air Expired air Reason
Oxygen 21% 16% Oxygen is used in cellular
respiration
Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4% Carbon dioxide is produces in
cellular respiration
Nitrogen 78% 78% Nitrogen is neither used nor
produced in cellular respiration
Water vapour Variable Saturated Water is product of cellular
respiration. Evaporation from the
lung during expiration.
Dust Variable Little Dust particles have been filtered
by the hairs in the nostrils and
trapped by the mucous in the
respiratory tract
Temperature Variable About body Air has been warmed by body
temperature temperature

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 CONTROL OF BREATHING

Breathing is involuntary process that controlled by the respiratory system

located in medulla oblongata.

Respiratory centre consist of :

a) Inspiratory centre inspiration
b) Expiratory centRe - expiration

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 Regulation of Respiration by the Central Chemoreceptor

The
concentration H+ ions in Central chemoreceptors,
of CO2 in blood the blood stimulated by the H+ ions,
rises above increase send nerve impulse to the
normal level respiratory centre

Rapid The respiratory

Breathing rate contraction of centre in the
increase to eliminate intercostal medulla send nerve
CO2 and to supply muscles and impulse to
more O2 diaphragm intercostal muscle
curve up and diaphragm

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40
 Regulation of Respiration by the Peripheral
Chemoreceptor

The level of oxygen in blood
drop below to normal
Chemoreceptors in the
carotid and the aortic bodies
detect the changes of O2 and
send nerve impulse to the
central chemoreceptor

Intercostal
muscle and
Central chemoreceoptor in
diaphragm
the medulla are stimulated
and send out the nerve
impulse
Heart
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42
 RESPIRATORY RESPONSE IN DIFFERENCE SITUATIONS

HIGH ALTITUDE

1) At 4000m above sea level, there are roughly 40% less oxygen availab
than at the sea level.

2) A mountaineer may develop symptoms of hypoxia ( a shortage of

oxygen)

3) Symptoms of hypoxia:
a) breathless
b) headache
c) nausea
d) vomiting
e) heart palpitation

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 MECHANISM TO COPE WITH THIS SITUATION

Chemoreceptor in the carotid and

aortic bodies detect a drop in the Po2
in the blood

Nerve impulse is send to the medulla

oblongata and stimulate it to
increase the rate of respiration and
heartbeat

Unpleasant symptoms wear off as

the mountaineer become adapted.

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 FEAR

1) Fear is an unpleasant emotion that occurs in response to a

consciously recognized source of danger, real or imaginary.

2) Physical symptoms occur :

a) rapid heartbeat and breathing
b) raise in blood pressure
c) increase in muscle tension

Involved in the processing and expression

of emotions, especially anger and fear.
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 Smoking tobacco causes lung diseases
such as bronchitis, emphysema and lung Keep away from smokers to avoid
cancer second-hand smoke.

IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING
bronchitis
A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

When there is a haze, stay

Exercise because deep breathing
emphysema indoors or cover your nose and
make your lungs become stronger
-multiple cavities mouth with a mask to keep ou
and better at supplying body with
lined by heavy of the air pollutants
black carbon oxygen
deposits.

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 PNEUMONIA

1) Invasive infection of the lower respiratory system by bacterial

pneumonia.

2) The infection has broken through the wall of the bronchi and
entered into the tissues of the lung.
3) The infected lung tissue has blood vessels that may transport the
infectious bacteria to other parts of the body.
4) Symptoms :
a) large amount of greenish or brownish sputum
b) heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute
c) fever, chills, fatigue, cough, shortness of
breathe

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 SUBSTANCE IN TOBACCO SMOKE

Thick, sticky dark brown

substance
Carcinogenic (cancer-causing
agent)
Damage lung tissues, break
TAR down the alveoli
Causes bronchitis and smoker
cough

addictive
CARBON
chemicals NICOTINE MONOXIDE
blood platelets
become sticky, lead to
clotting
increase blood pressure, poisonous, odorless gas
heart rate Combine with haemoglobin to form 48
narrows the arteries carboxyhaemoglobin
 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

-Gaseous exchange occur mainly in the leaves because they have large
surface area to volume ratio.

-Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through the stomata and the

lenticels.

- Lenticels are small openings on the surface of woody stems and roots

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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LIGHT

(4) O2 diffuse out of the cells

and leaves the leaf via stomata
in reverse direction

(3) CO2 dissolve in the fluid

that cover the wall of
the mesophyll cell and
diffuse into the cell

(2) CO2 move upward through

intercellular air space.

(1) CO2 diffuses from

atmosphere through
the stomata into spongy
layer

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51
 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE DARK

-Less oxygen in the air spaces than the atmosphere.

-Oxygen will diffuse inward through lenticels

-Stomata are normally closed at night

-Aerobic respiration occurred.

-CO2 that is produced by plants will diffuse outwards.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

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 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

-Occur when oxygen is absent

-The process is called alcoholic fermentation

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy

-Examples of plants that do anaerobic respiration:

a) Young rice plants planted in fields that are muddy and flooded, have
little or no oxygen
- the roots can respire anaerobically that will produce
ethanol as waste products.
- Ethanol is poisonous to the plant cells but the root
cells are tolerant to the ethanol

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-Similarities between respiration and photosynthesis :

Both are metabolic processes

Differences
Respiration Photosynthesis
Process of breaking down organic Process of synthesis organic materials
materials
Occur in all living cells Occur in cells that have chloroplast
Take place in the presence and Take place only in the presence of light
absence of light
Uses glucose and oxygen Uses carbon dioxide and water
Produces carbon dioxide and water Produce glucose and oxygen

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 COMPENSATION POINT

all the carbon dioxide produced in respiration

by the plant is re-used in photosynthesis, and there is
no loss or gain in carbon dioxide.

- rate of CO2 uptake = rate of CO2 produced

(photosynthesis) (respiration)

- occur during dawn and dusk

- when the rate of photosynthesis and respiration

remains at compensation point, plants would not be
able to store any food. No food is available to
heterotrophs.
Rate of photosynthesis
exceeds rate of respiration

(dawn) 56