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Whatisequilibrium?
Expressionsforequilibriumconstants,Kc;
CalculatingKcusingequilibriumconcentrations;
Calculatingequilibriumconcentrationsusinginitial
concentrationandKcvalue;
RelationshipbetweenKcandKp;
Factorsthataffectequilibrium;
LeChateliersPrinciple
What is Equilibrium?
This is not Equilibrium?
ChemicalEquilibriuminNature:
(TheformationofstalagmitesandStalactites)
ChemicalEquilibrium
Considerthefollowingreactions:
CaCO3(s)+CO2(aq)+H2O(l)Ca2+(aq)+2HCO3(aq)..(1)
and
Ca2+(aq)+2HCO3(aq)CaCO3(s)+CO2(aq)+H2O(l)..(2)
Reaction(2)isthereverseofreaction(1).
Atequilibriumthetwoopposingreactionsoccuratthe
samerate.
Concentrationsofchemicalspeciesdonotchangeonce
equilibriumisestablished.
ExpressionforEquilibriumConstant
Considerthefollowingequilibriumsystem:
wA+xByC+zD
[C] y [D] z
Kc= [A]w [B] x
ThenumericalvalueofKciscalculatedusingthe
concentrationsofreactantsandproductsthatexistat
equilibrium.
ExpressionsforEquilibriumConstants
Examples:
[NH 3 ] 2
N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g);Kc= [N 2 ][H 2 ]3
[PCl 3 ][Cl 2 ]
PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g); Kc= [PCl 5 ]
CH4(g)+H2(g)CO(g)+3H2(g);
[CO][H 2 ]3
Kc= [CH 4 ][H 2 O]
CalculatingEquilibriumConstant
Example-1:
1.000 mole of H2 gas and 1.000 mole of I2 vapor are
introduced into a 5.00-liter sealed flask. The mixture is
heated to a certain temperature and the following reaction
occurs until equilibrium is established.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
At equilibrium, the mixture is found to contain 1.580 mole
of HI. (a) What are the concentrations of H2, I2 and HI at
equilibrium? (b) Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc.
CalculatingEquilibriumConstant
forreaction:H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g)
H2(g) +I2(g) 2HI(g)
Initial[],M: 0.200 0.200 0.000
Changein[],M:0.1580.158 +0.316
Equilibrium[],M 0.0420.042 0.316
[HI]2 (0.316) 2
[H 2 ][I 2 ] (0.042) 2
Kc= = =57
CalculatingEquilibriumConstant
Example-2:
0.500 mole of HI is introduced into a 1.00 liter sealed flask
and heated to a certain temperature. Under this condition
HI decomposes to produce H2 and I2 until an equilibrium is
established. An analysis of the equilibrium mixture shows
that 0.105 mole of HI has decomposed. Calculate the
equilibrium concentrations of H2, I2 and HI, and the
equilibrium constant Kc for the following reaction:
H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g),
CalculatingEquilibriumConstant
Thereaction:H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g),proceedsfrom
righttoleft.
H2(g) +I2(g)2HI(g)
Initial[],M: 0.000 0.0000.500
Changein[],M:+0.0525+0.05250.105
Equilm[],M 0.0525 0.05250.395
(0.395) 2
Kc==56.6
(0.0525) 2
ExpressionandValueof
EquilibriumConstantforaReaction
TheexpressionforKdependsontheequation;
ThevalueofKappliestothatequation;itdoes
notdependonhowthereactionoccurs;
ConcentrationsusedtocalculatethevalueofK
arethosemeasuredatequilibrium.
Relationshipsbetweenchemicalequationsand
theexpressionsofequilibriumconstants
The expression of equilibrium constant depends on how the
equilibrium equation is written. For example, for the
following equilibrium: 2
[HI]
H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g); Kc
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
For the reverse reaction:
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g); K c ' 2
1/K c
[HI]
And for the reaction: HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g);
[H 2 ][ I 2 ]
Kc " 2
Kc ' 1
[HI] Kc
ExpressionandValuesof
EquilibriumConstantUsingPartialPressures
Considerthefollowingreactioninvolving
gases:
2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g)
(PSO3 ) 2
Kp= (P ) 2 (P )
SO2 O2
TheRelationshipbetweenKcandKp
aA + bB cC + dD
where A, B, C, and D are all gases, and a, b, c,
and d are their respective coefficients,
Kp = Kc(RT)n
and n = (c + d) (a + b)
(In heterogeneous systems, only the coefficients
of the gaseous species are counted.)
RelationshipbetweenKcandKp
For other reactions:
1. 2NO2(g) N2O4(g); Kp = Kc(RT)-1
2. H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g); Kp = Kc
3. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2 NH3(g); Kp = Kc(RT)-2
Homogeneous&HeterogeneousEquilibria
Homogeneousequilibria:
CH4(g)+H2O(g)CO(g)+3H2(g);
CO(g)+H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g);
Heterogeneousequilibria:
CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g);
HF(aq)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+F(aq);
PbCl2(s)Pb2+(aq)+2Cl(aq);
EquilibriumConstantExpressionsfor
HeterogeneousSystem
Examples:
CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g);
Kc=[CO2] Kp=PCO2;Kp=Kc(RT)
HF(aq)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+F(aq);
[H 3O ][ F - ]
Ka
[HF]
SolubilityEqilibrium
PbCl2(s)Pb2+(aq)+2Cl(aq);
Ksp=[Pb2+][Cl]2
(Kspiscalledsolubilityproduct)
Combining Equations and Equilibrium Constants
[B][F]
Eqn(2): C + E B + F; K2
[C][E]
Combining Equations and Equilibrium Constants
Net equation: A + E D + F;
[D][F]
K net
[A][E]
= K1 x K2
Foranysystemorreaction:
1. Knowingtheequilibriumconstant,wecanpredict
whetherornotareactionmixtureisat
equilibrium,andwecanpredictthedirectionof
netreaction.
Qc=Kcequilibrium(nonetreaction)
Qc<Kcanetforwardreaction;
Qc>Kcanetreversereaction
2. ThevalueofKtellsuswhetherareactionfavors
theproductsorthereactants.
Equilibrium constant is used to predict the
direction of net reaction
For a reaction of known Kc value, the direction of net reaction
can be predicted by calculating the reaction quotient, Qc.
Qc is called the reaction quotient, where for a reaction such
as: c d
[C] [ D]
aA + bB cC + dD; Qc
[A]a [ B]b
Qc has the same expression as Kc , but
Qc is calculated using concentrations that are not necessarily at
equilibrium.
What does the reaction quotient tell us?
If Qc = Kc, the reaction is at equilibrium;
If Qc < Kc, the reaction is not at equilibrium and theres a
net forward reaction;
If Qc > Kc, the reaction is not at equilibrium and theres a
net reaction in the opposite direction.
WhyisEquilibriumConstantImportant?
KnowingKcandtheinitialconcentrations,wecan
determinetheconcentrationsofcomponentsat
equilibrium.
Equilibrium Exercise #5
[HI]2 (2 x ) 2
Kc 2
55.6
[H 2 ][I 2 ] (0.100 - x )
Calculation of equilibrium concentrations
2x
55.6 7.46
(0.100 - x
2 x 0.746 - 7.46 x; 9.46 x 0.746
x 0.0789 ;
[H 2 ] [I 2 ] 0.0211 M; [HI] 0.158 M
EquilibriumExercise#6
(Answer: PNO2 = 1.06 atm; PN2O4 = 1.43 atm; Ptotal = 2.49 atm)
Equilibrium Exercise #7
The reaction:
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) has Kc = 0.0900.
A 0.1000-mol sample of PCl5 is placed in an empty
1.00-L flask and the above reaction is allowed to
come to equilibrium at a certain temperature. How
many moles of PCl5, PCl3, and Cl2, respectively, are
present at equilibrium?