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Pre-operative evaluation
Complete blood count and blood chemistry were
normal
Pre-operative evaluation for chronic heart
disease was negative
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1s (FEV1) was 1.79
L; 58% of the predicted value; calculated post-
operative FEV1 was 49% of the predicted value
ICU Admission
Physical examination
Vital signs,
BP 100/70 mmHg, Pulse 120/min, Respirations 33/min, SpO2 of 85% on
100% Non rebreather, Temperature 37.0 C
Cardiovascular
S1, S2 normal
Respiratory
Decreased breath sounds over the left lower lung field, diffuse end-inspiratory
crackles over the remaining lobes.
Laboratory Data
Normal complete blood count and chemistry
Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens were collected and sent
for microbiologic analysis.
Blood cultures, done
Arterial blood gases: (on FiO2 0.6), PaO2 70mmHg,, PaCO2 45mmHg,
HCO3 24, PaO2/ FiO2 117
CXR
ARDS
Case #1
Transthoracic echocardiography:
Ejection fraction 60 %, normal left ventricular systolic
function. Mild right ventricular dilation
Right heart catheterization:
Cardiac Output (CO): 7.74 L/min (normal 5-7 L/min)
Cardiac Index (CI): 4.8 L/min/m2(normal 3-5 L/min/m2)
CVP 8 mmHgSVRI: 960 dynes/sec/cm5/m2 (normal 1200-
1800)Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP): 59
mmHg Pulmonary Wedge Pressure: 11 mmHg
ARDS
Case #1
Which of the following statements is true:
The Development of acute respiratory
failure in this patient is due to:
A. Pulmonary edema due to fluid overload
B. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to left-sided heart
failure
C. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
D. Pneumonia
E. Massive pulmonary embolism
The American-European Consensus
Conference Definition of Acute Lung Injury
and ARDS, AECC
AECC Criticism
New Definition
ARDS, New Definition
JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526-2533.
doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669
ARDS
The Berlin Definition
JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526-2533.
doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5669
ARDS
The Berlin Definition
No change in the underlying conceptual understanding of
ARDS
Sepsis Aspiration
Severe trauma Pneumonia
Surface burns Pulmonary contusion
Multiple blood
Pulmonary embolism
transfusions
Drug overdose Inhalational injury
Following bone marrow Near drowning
transplantation
Multiple fractures
Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema
Dyspnea, Tachypnea
Persistent hypoxemia, despite the
administration of high concentrations of
inspired oxygen
Increase in the shunt fraction
Decrease in pulmonary compliance
Increase in the dead space ventilation
Management of ARDS
Basic Management Strategies for Patients
with ALI/ARDS
SAFE trial
Resuscitation with saline is as beneficial as
resuscitation with albumin in critically ill
patients with shock
FACTT trial
Prospective, Randomized, Multi-Center Trial
Utility and safety of using a pulmonary artery
catheter versus central venous catheter to guide
the volume replacement
Liberal versus conservative fluid replacement
ARDS
FACTT
Patients were treated with the specific fluid
management strategy (to which they were
randomized) for 7 days or until unassisted
ventilation, whichever occurs first.
The study enrolled 1000 patients and
showed no benefit with PAC guided fluid
therapy over the less invasive CVC guided
therapy.
ARDS
FACTT
FIO2
Simplest maneuver to quickly increase PaO2
Long-term toxicity at >60%
Free radical damage
Inadequate oxygenation despite 100% FiO2
usually due to pulmonary shunting
Collapse Atelectasis
Pus-filled alveoli Pneumonia
Water/Protein ARDS
Water CHF
Blood - Hemorrhage
Vent settings to improve oxygenation
PEEP and FiO2 are adjusted in tandem
PEEP
Increases FRC
Prevents progressive atelectasis and
intrapulmonary shunting
Prevents repetitive opening/closing (injury)
Recruits collapsed alveoli and improves
V/Q matching
Resolves intrapulmonary shunting
Improves compliance
Enables maintenance of adequate PaO2
at a safe FiO2 level
Disadvantages
Increases intrathoracic pressure (may
require pulmonary a. catheter)
May lead to ARDS
Rupture: PTX, pulmonary edema Oxygen delivery (DO2), not PaO2, should be
used to assess optimal PEEP.
Vent settings to improve ventilation
Respiratory rate
Max RR at 35 breaths/min
Efficiency of ventilation decreases with increasing RR
Decreased time for alveolar emptying
TV
Goal of 10 ml/kg
Risk of volutrauma
Other means to decrease PaCO2
Reduce muscular activity/seizures
Minimizing exogenous carb load
Controlling hypermetabolic states
Permissive hypercapnea
Preferable to dangerously high RR and TV, as long as
pH > 7.15
Vent settings to improve ventilation
RR and TV are adjusted to maintain VE and PaCO2
Negative-pressure ventilators
(iron lungs)
Non-invasive ventilation first
used in Boston Childrens
Hospital in 1928
Used extensively during polio
outbreaks in 1940s 1950s
The iron lung created negative pressure in abdomen
Positive-pressure ventilators as well as the chest, decreasing cardiac output.