Skeletal System

Chapter 8
 Skeletal System Organization
Axial Skeleton
Bones along central body axis
Skull (auditory ossicles)


Thoracic cage
 Skeletal System Organization
Axial Skeleton
Framework to support and protect
organs in those body cavities
Attachment sites for muscles

Assist respiration
Stabilize/support the appendicular
skeleton
 The Skull
22 bones: most interlocked by sutures
Cranial bones (8)

Facial bones (14)

7 additional bones
Ear ossicles (6) inside temporal bone
Hyoid (1) over larynx
 The Skull
Cranial bones
2
2
1
1 occipital
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid
 The Skull
Facial bones
2
2
2
2 inferior nasal concha
1
2 maxilla
2 palatine
1 vomer
 The Skull
Nasal cavity

Roof ->
Floor -> maxillae, palatine bones
Lateral walls -> nasal, superior/middle/inferior
conchae, maxilla, palatine
 The Skull
Nasal cavity
Divided by nasal septum

Cartilage: septal cartilage
hyaline cartilage CT
Walls covered by mucous membrane

Mucus traps dust
Nasal conchae swirl inhaled air
 The Skull
Paranasal sinuses
extensions of nasal cavity

ethmoid sinus

maxillary sinuses
lined with mucous membrane
function: lighten skull
 The Skull
Orbits (2)
Cone-shaped bony cavities that hold eyes
Associated with the orbits are
Muscles -> move eye
Fat
Lacrimal gland -> lacrimal fluid (tears)
Orbit





 The Vertebral Column
The adult vertebral column has 26 bones:
Vertebrae (24), sacrum (1), coccyx (1)
Functions:

Supports skull

Transfers weight to lower limbs
Allows us to maintain upright body position
 The Vertebral Column
Divided into regions from proximal to distal:
Cervical (7) [includes atlas and axis)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (1); 5 fused
Coccygeal (1); 3-5 fused
 The Thorax
Sternum

12 pairs of ribs
7 true -> costal cartilage -> sternum
5 false
8-10 -> share costal cartilage -> sternum
11-12: floating
Costal cartilages
Hyaline cartilage CT
 Thoracic Cage (Thorax)
Functions:

Attachment site for muscles
Respiration
Positioning vertebral column
Pectoral girdle/upper limb
 Appendicular Skeleton
Involved in changing your position in the
external environment
 Appendicular Skeleton
Includes bones of upper and lower limbs,

and . . .

Girdles of bones that attach upper/lower limbs

to axial skeleton
 Pectoral Girdle

Clavicle, scapula
Clavicle articulates w/manubrium

transmit force from upper limbs to axial skeleton
Point of attachment for bones of arm and
hand
 Humerus
Radius
/Ulna Upper Limb Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle

Humerus Intertubercular

Ulna, radius
sulcus

Carpals Deltoid
tuberosity

Metacarpals 1-5
Phalanges (phalanx=singular)
Proximal, middle (not digit 1), Coronoid
fossa

distal Radial
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Capitulum
 Upper Limb
Carpals
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
Distalrequired
phalanx for
II reproduction or display.

Key to carpal bones

Distal row
Middle phalanx II

Fig. 8.34 8 bones

Proximal row

Proximal phalanx II

III II Distal
IV

Metacarpals 1-5
Head phalanx I
Phalanges V
Body
Proximal
Base I phalanx I
Head
Metacarpal
bones
Body
Base
Hamulus of hamate
First
metacarpal
Phalanges
Trapezoid

(phalanx=singular)
Hamate Trapezium
Carpal Pisiform Carpal
bones Capitate
Triquetrum bones
Scaphoid
Lunate

Proximal, middle
(not digit 1), distal

NHS Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images

 Pelvic Girdle
Supports/protects
Lower viscera
Developing fetus
2 os coxae bones:
Fused ilium, ischium, pubis
Point of attachment for: Ilium

Os Coxa

Pubis
Ischium
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 8.37
Triangular
pubic body Rectangular
pubic body
Large, oval
Triangular
obturator
obturator
foramen
Narrow subpubic angle Wide subpubic angle foramen
(a) Male, anterior view (c) Female, anterior view

Preauricular
sulcus
Wide greater Narrow greater
sciatic notch sciatic notch

(b) Male, medial view (d) Female, medial view

(a): David Hunt/specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; (b-c): L. Bassett/Visuals
Unlimited; (d): David Hunt/specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
 Lower Limb

Tibia

Patella (kneecap)
Tarsals (7)

Phalanges (foot and toes)

 Special Functions of the
Skeleton
Wide female pelvis

Heavier male skeleton

Foot arches
Balance, shock absorption, posture
Patella

 Special Functions of the
Skeleton
Ear ossicles

Sinus cavities
Clean, warm, humidify air; lighten skull
Fused sacrum
Stabilizes lower extremities; supports
sitting/standing
 Skeletal Conditions

Injury to the Ethmoid bone p.242

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis