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Compounding (Extemporaneous Dispensing)
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EQUIPMENT
A. Weighing
Non-automatic and automatic weighing
equipment.
Non-automated dispensing balances include
mechanical beam and electronic top-pan balances.
Three types of balances have traditionally been
used in dispensing; class A (50mg to 1g), class B
(the most commonly used; 100mg to 50g), and
class C (1g to 2kg).
B. Measuring liquids
Liquid measures: Conical measures
and cylindrical measures.
Measuring small volumes: by small
conical measure (min. measurable
vol for a 10 mL conical is 1 mL), by
graduated pipettes (5 mL to
0.1mL), and by trituration (for
smaller volumes).
EQUIPMENT
The level of liquid is read to the
bottom of the meniscus.
The measure is vertical when
reading the meniscus; if not
considerable errors in quantities
can occur especially with
conical where the error
increases with height because of
the slope of the sides. Volume error differentials due to
instrument diameters
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EQUIPMENT
Never use more than one measure increases error.
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EQUIPMENT
Porcelain or composition mortars and pestles
Larger than the glass variety and have a rougher surface.
Ideal for size reduction of solids and for mixing solids and
liquids, as in the preparation of suspensions and emulsions.
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EQUIPMENT
D. Heat Sources
Bunsen (gas) burners
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Manipulative techniques
Correct equipment + Appropriate technique = Good Compounding
Practice
* Mixing
The goal of any mixing operation should be to ensure that even
distribution of all the ingredients has occurred.
Mixing of liquids: Simple stirring or shaking (the degree depends on
the viscosity of liquids).
Mixing solids with liquids: stirring rod (solution), pestle and mortar
(suspension). Consider size reduction to speed up dissolution process
or enhance the distribution of solid through out the liquid.
Mixing semi-solids
rubbing them on an ointment slap using a spatula (may need doubling
up).
The fusion method using a porcelain evaporating basin.
Manipulative techniques
Tared containers
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SELECTION OF INGREDIENTS
Reputable supplier.
Good storage conditions.
Check on expiry dates.
Variety of forms.
Synonyms.
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SELECTION OF INGREDIENTS
Variety of forms:
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Selection of ingredients
Synonyms:
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Concentrated waters
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PROBLEM SOLVING IN
EXTEMPORANEOUS DISPENSING
Official preparations
The application of simple scientific knowledge; physical properties.
Solubility: are the ingredients soluble in the main vehicles, the
particle size, are they present in a lumpy or granular form. If the
substance is not soluble, a suspension or an emulsion where one
material is an oil will be produced.
Volatile ingredients
Viscosity
Expiry date.
e.g. The following prescription is received:
Sodium Bicarbonate Ear Drops BP, Send 10 mL.
Formula:
Sodium bicarbonate 500 mg (sol 1 in 11 of water)
Glycerol 3 mL (viscous liquid)
Freshly boiled and cooled water to 10 mL (quantity of water in ear
drops is app. 6.5 mL)
COUNTING DEVICES For Tablets and Capsules
http://iforg.com/blog/?p=17
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Capsule counter
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Perforated Counting Tray
http://www.adelphi-coldstream.uk.com/products/pharmacyl-dispensing-equipment/tablet-capsule-
counters/tumatic-capsule-counter.html
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Key Points
Extemporaneous dispensing should only be used
when manufactured medicines are not
available.
Accurate dispensing requires clean, neat
methodical work.
Comprehensive records of extemporaneous
dispensing are required to be kept for at least 2
years.
Electronic balances are increasingly being used
in extemporaneous dispensing.
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Key Points
Do not use a balance to weigh less than its
minimum weighable quantity.
Ensure that liquid measures comply with the
Weights and Measures Regulations.
Always use the bottom of the meniscus when
measuring liquids.
Viscous liquids should be measured by difference.
Pipettes are used to measure volumes between
0.1 mL and 5 mL.
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Key Points
Select the smallest measure for the volume of
liquid to be measured.
A glass mortar and pestle can be used for size
reduction of friable materials and mixing small
quantities of fine powder.
A porcelain mortar and pestle is used for larger
quantities, for mixing solids and liquids, making
emulsions and for size reduction.
Doubling-up is used for mixing a small quantity of
powder with a larger quantity.
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Key Points
Confusion can arise with different forms of the
same material and the use of synonyms.
Concentrated waters are diluted 1 part with 39
parts of water for use as single strength.
Simple problem-solving techniques can produce a
satisfactory method of dispensing a product.
Tablets and capsules can be counted manually, or by
using a triangle, capsule counter, counting tray or
an electronic counter.
Tablets and capsules should not be counted in the
hand.
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