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Standard Specification
It applies to project implemented by
administration which treats the subject that
repeatedly occurs in the agency work.
Special Provisions
Covers peculiar item of the project in question that
include additional modification to standard
specification. This includes copies of all documents
required in securing competitive bids and contracts,
specifications are also subdivided into two:
The general clause that deals with the building
procedures and award execution and control of work
and other legal matters.
Specifying detail regarding the materials, manner of
work execution and how pay quantities are to be
measured.
Designing the
Highway
Consistency
Consistency
Consistency is the most important single rule in highway design. That
is, by making every element of the roadway conforms to the
expectation of every driver.
Expectation of Drivers to Highway Agencies:
Level 60 75 75 75 90
Rolling 45 60 60 75 75
Mountain
30 45 45 60 60
Local
0 50 50 250 250 400 Over 400
Level 45 45 60 45
Rolling 30 45 45 60
Mountain
30 30 30 75
Design of
Highways
Cross Section of Typical
Highway
Cross Section of Typical
Highway
Variables being considered in Cross Section of Typical Highway
The volume of traffic
Character of the traffic
Speed of the traffic
Characteristics of motor vehicles and of the driver
Standard Width of Cross Section of Typical Highway
7.20 meters wide surface for Two Lane Rural Highway
6.00 meters wide surface for Collector Roadway (for low volume
traffic)
4.80 meters wide surface for Local Rural Roadway (for 30 km/hr
design speed)
3.60 meters wide surface for Urban Roadway
Different Cross Section of Typical Highways:
Desig ARTERIALS
n
Speed FREEWAY RURAL URBAN Collectors RURAL Local RURAL
32 - - - - - - - - - 7 10 12 8 11 16
48 - - - - - - 8 9 11 7 9 10 7 10 14
64 - - - - - - 7 8 10 7 8 10 7 9 12
80 4 5 6 4 5 7 6 7 9 6 7 9 6 8 10
97 3 4 6 3 4 6 5 6 8 5 6 - 5 6 -
105 - - - 3 4 6 - - - - - - - - -
113 3 4 - 3 4 5 - - - - - - - - -
Consideration on Laying Grade Line
RURAL URBAN
Width
Number of
Frontage Restricted Normal with Normal No.
Lanes No. Frontage
Road No. Frontage Frontage Frontage
Road
Road Road Road
2 60 45 - - -
4 68 53 41 - -
6 75 60 51 89 53
8 83 68 59 96 60
Design of
Highways
Stopping Sight Distance
Stopping Sight Distance
It is defined as the longest distance that a driver could see the top of
an object 15 cm above the road surface where the design height of
the drivers eye above the pavement is 105 cm.
Figure 2-23 Measuring Stopping Sight Distance
Stopping Distance is Made-up of Two Elements
d = tm / s
breaking distance:
d = [(m / s)2] / [2 g m f]
so d = [(m / s)2] / [19.6 f]
where: m / s = initial speed, in meter per second
t = detection, recognition, decision and response initial (brake
reaction time)
gm = acceleration of gravity, 9.8 m/s2
f = coefficient of friction between the tire and pavement
35 65 48 243 240
50 42 58 327 320
65 55 70 444 440
80 65 82 552 550
95 75 91 642 640
Coefficient of
0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08
Friction
Design of
Highways
Circular Curve
Circular Cur ve
A vehicle in curved road is subject to centrifugal force. This force is
balanced by equal and opposite forces developed through the super
elevation and side frictions. However, neither the side friction on the
super elevation could overcome nor exceed the maximum control
design and limit on the sharpness of the curves with a prescribed
design speed. The sharpness of a curve is dependent on its radius,
and the degrees of curve are inversely proportional with the radius.
Formulas
Computation for the Degree of Curve:
D = 5,729.58 / Radius
orRadius = 5,729.58 / D
where: D = degree of curve and the radius
Degree of Curve in SI = 0.328 D
Table 2-9 Degree of Curves
On Ramp
Off Ramp
80 130 115 95 68 -