GROUP B

MUHAMMAD ABUBAKR
WAQAR JALIL
SYED HANNAN
SADAM BHITTE
MUHAMMAD TAHIR
MUHMMAD KAMIL
MAHAM ASHRAF
MUSTAFA FAIZ
Sumbal
Fizan
Muzamil
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
 If the depth of a foundation is greater than its
width, the foundation is known as deep
foundation
A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of
a structure down through the upper weak layer
of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below
 When the soil of good bearing capacity is
not available near the ground.
The space is restricted to allow for spread
footings
The subsoil water level is high
The load of structure is heavy
 Pile foundations
Well foundations
Caisson foundations
 It can defined as a series of columns
constructed or inserted into the ground to
transmit the loads of a structure to a lower level
of subsoil.
 Live load
Dead load
Wind load
Seismic load
water load
LOAD BEARING PILES
It bear the load come from the structure
Generally driven vertical or near vertical position
Bearing piles are divided into tow parts
1. Bearing piles
2. Friction piles
 Timber piles
Steel piles
Concrete piles
 TIMBER PILES
Advantages
Easy handling, noun corrosive matrial,.if permanently submerged then fairly
resistance to decay, relatively inexpensive, usually limited to short length.
low capacity

Disadvantages
may require treatment to prevent decay, insects and borers from damaging pile.
easily damaged during hard driving and inconvenient to splice, low capacity.
STEEL PILES
Advantages
High axial working capacity, wide variety of sizes, easy on side modification,
fairly easy drive, good penetration through hard materials(with shoe).

Disadvantages
high coast, difficulty in delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy driving.
CONCRETE PILES
Advantages
High capacity, inexpensive, durable, corrosion resistance.

Disadvantages
Tough handling, splicing and transport difficulties.
PILE SPACING
The center to center distance between successive piles is called
pile spacing.
It has to carefully designed by considering the following factors.
1. Type of pile
2. Material
3. Length
4. Grouping
5. Load coming on piles

6. Nature of soil through which piles are passing.

FACTORS AFFECTING ON PILE CAPACITY
Surrounding soil
Installation technique
Method of construction(pre cast or cast)
Location of piles
Spacing
Symmetry of piles in group
Shape of pile cap
Location of pile cap
WELL FOUNDATIONS
Well foundations are being used in India
from very early days. Taj Mahal was built
on such foundations. Wells are also type of
deep foundations. The main difference
between a well and a pile foundation is
that, while a pile is flexible like a beam
under horizontal loads, the well undergoes
rigid body movement under such loads.
SHAPES

Wells have different shapes and

accordingly they are named as Circular
Wells Dumb bell Double-D Wells
Double Octagonal Well s Single and
Double Rectangular Wells Multiple
Dredged Holed Wells
FOLLOWING LOADS ARE CONSIDERED FOR WELL
FOUNDATION:

1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Wind load
4.Horizontal force due to water current
5.Longitudinal forces
6.Seismic forces.
 Dead loads:
it includes weight of superstructure .

Live loads:
Load caused due to tractive effect of vehicles on bridges and road,
load due to human beings, furniture floors &other materials.

Wind loads:
the wind loads shall be seen only on the exposed area in elevation and
hence acts laterally on the bridge
 Earth pressure:

The Rainkiness theory and Coulombs theory is utilized to

calculate the earth pressure.

Seismic forces:

seismic forces are vital when the wells are constructed in

seismic zones. The seismic forces act on every members of the
superstructure.
CIRCULAR WELLS
Most common shape of well foundations.
It is featured with very high structural strength.
These circular well foundations are perfectly suitable
for piers of the single-line railway bridges and the
double-lane road bridges.
But for excessively lengthier piers it turns out to be
uneconomical. Thus, the maximum diameter of circular
well is principally limited to 9m.
RECTANGULAR WELLS
Rectangular wells are principally employed on bridge
foundations with depths up to 7m-8m.
In case of larger foundations double-rectangular wells
can be used.
Components of Well Foundation

The various component of a well foundations are

Cutting Edge
Well Curb
Bottom Plug
Staining
Top Plug
Well Cap
THANK YOU