Introduction

Personality - In 5 words or less,

describe your personality.
 Personality
An individuals characteristic pattern of
thinking, feeling, and acting.
 The Case of Anna O

The case of Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) marked a

turning point in the career of a young Viennese neuropathologist by
the name of Sigmund Freud. It even went on to influence the future
direction of psychology as a whole.
Anna suffered from hysteria, a condition in which the patient
exhibits physical symptoms (e.g. paralysis, convulsions,
hallucinations, loss of speech) without an apparent physical cause.
Her doctor Josef Breuer succeeded in treating Anna by helping her
to recall forgotten memories of traumatic events. Breuer discussed
the case with his friend Freud. Out of these discussions came the
germ of an idea that Freud was to pursue for the rest of his life.
In Studies in Hysteria (1895) Freud proposed that physical
symptoms are often the surface manifestations of deeply repressed
conflicts. However Freud was not just advancing an explanation of
a particular illness. Implicitly he was proposing a revolutionary new
theory of the human psyche itself.
This theory emerged bit by bit as a result of Freuds clinical
investigations and it led him to propose that there were at least
three levels to the mind.
 Psychoanalytic Theorys Core
Ideas
Parts of the mind
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Free association
Psychoanalysis
Repression
 Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings,
memories.
According to contemporary psychologists,
information processing of which we are
unaware.
 Free Association
A method of exploring the unconscious
motives and conflicts in which a person
relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no
matter how trivial or embarrassing.
 Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes
thought and actions to unconscious motives
and conflicts; the techniques used in treating
psychological disorders by seeking to expose
and interpret unconscious tensions.
 Free Association
Say whatever comes to mind

bird
piano
pencil
homework
Mother
 Freud and Dream Analysis
On 24 July 1895, Freud had his own dream that was to form the
basis of his theory. He had been worried about a patient, Irma,
who was not doing as well in treatment as he had hoped. Freud in
fact blamed himself for this, and was feeling guilty.
Freud dreamed that he met Irma at a party and examined her. He
then saw a chemical formula for a drug that another doctor had
given Irma flash before his eyes and realized that her condition
was caused by a dirty syringe used by the other doctor. Freud's
guilt was thus relieved.
Freud interpreted this dream as wish-fulfillment. He had wished
that Irma's poor condition was not his fault and the dream had
fulfilled this wish by informing him that another doctor was at fault.
Based on this dream, Freud (1900) went on to propose that a
major function of dreams was the fulfillment of wishes.
Freud distinguished between the manifest content of a dream
(what the dreamer remembers) and the latent content, the
symbolic meaning of the dream (i.e. the underlying wish). The
manifest content is often based on the events of the day.
 Dream Symbols
Freud would be skeptical about common
symbols in dreams because he believed
that symbolism was based on the
individual and highly personal (therefore
could not be applied to everyone).
http://www.world-of-lucid-
dreaming.com/30-common-dream-
symbols.html
 Exploring the Unconscious
Personality Structure
Personality structure
Id
Pleasure
principle
Ego
Reality
principle
Superego
conscience
 Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy
basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id
operates on the pleasure principle, demanding
immediate gratification.
 Ego
The largely conscious "executive" part of
personality that according to Freud, mediates
among the demands of the id, superego, and
reality. The ego operates on the reality
principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways
that will realistically bring pleasure rather than
pain.
 Superego
The part of the personality that, according to
Freud, represents internalized ideals and
provides standards for judgments (the
conscience) and for future aspirations.
Id, Ego, Superego: Celebrities
 Exploring the Unconscious
Personality Development
Psychosexual stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Exploring the Unconscious
Psychosexual Stages
Exploring the Unconscious
Psychosexual Stages
Exploring the Unconscious
Psychosexual Stages
Exploring the Unconscious
Psychosexual Stages
Exploring the Unconscious
Psychosexual Stages
Exploring the Unconscious
Psychosexual Stages
 Exploring the Unconscious
Personality Development
Erogenous zones
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Identification
Fixation
 Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires
toward his mother and feelings of jealousy
and hatred for rival father.
 Indentification
The process by which, according to Freud,
children incorporate their parent's values into
their developing superegos.
 Fixation
According to Freud, a lingering focus of
pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier
psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were
unresolved.
 Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective
methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously
distorting reality.
 Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense
mechanism that banishes from consciousness
anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and
memories.
 Exploring the Unconscious
Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Reaction formation
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement
Sublimation
Denial
 Evaluating Freuds
Psychoanalytic Perspective
 Evaluating Freuds
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Contradictory Evidence
Is repression a myth?
Modern challenges to repression
The End
Definition
Slides
 Personality
= an individuals characteristic pattern of
thinking, feeling, and acting.
 Free Association
= in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring
the unconscious in which the person
relaxes and says whatever comes to mind,
no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
 Psychoanalysis
= Freuds theory of personality that
attributes thoughts and actions to
unconscious motives and conflicts; the
techniques used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and
interpret unconscious tensions.
 Unconscious
= according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings,
and memories. According to
contemporary psychologists, information
processing of which we are unaware.
 Id
= a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy
basic sexual and aggressive drives. The
id operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification.
 Ego
= the largely conscious, executive part of
personality that, according to Freud,
mediates among the demands of the id,
superego, and reality. The ego operates
on the reality principle, satisfying the ids
desires in ways that will realistically bring
pleasure rather than pain.
 Superego
= the part of personality that, according to
Freud, represents internalized ideals and
provides standards for judgment (the
conscience) and for future aspirations.
 Psychosexual Stages

= the childhood stages of development,

(oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during
which, according to Freud, the ids
pleasure-seeking energies focus on
distinct erogenous zones.
 Oedipus Complex
= according to Freud, a boys sexual
desires toward his mother and feelings of
jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
 Identification
= the process by which, according to Freud,
children incorporate their parents values
into their developing superegos.
 Fixation
= according to Freud, a lingering focus of
pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier
psychosexual state, in which conflicts
were unresolved.
 Defense Mechanisms
= in psychoanalytic theory, the egos
protective methods of reducing anxiety by
unconsciously distorting reality.
 Repression
= in psychoanalytic theory, the basic
defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-
arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
from consciousness.