Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Traffic Concepts
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Traffic questions
CEE 320
Anne Goodchild
Traffic Time of Day Patterns
9.00%
8.00%
7.00%
Percent of Daily Traffic
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
Rural Cars
3.00% Business Day Trucks
Through Trucks
Urban Cars
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Hour of Day
How can we describe traffic?
Fall 2008
CEE 320
How can we describe traffic?
As a liquid?
As a glacier?
Discrete event simulation?
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Concepts
Flow
Speed
Density
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Flow (q)
n
q
t
Spacing
How much space do you leave
between vehicles?
2 chevrons!
Depends on speed
Varies for each person
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Spacing
Density
the number of vehicles over a length of
freeway
Occupancy
Measured by loop detectors
The percent of time the loop is covered by a
vehicle
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Headway (h)
u i
ut i 1
n
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Space Mean Speed
n nl
us n
n
1
i 1 ui
t i
40 mph 60 mph
7.5 minutes 5 minutes
12.5 minutes
n q
k
l u
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Density (k)
Number of vehicles in
length of segment
n 1
k n
s
i 1
i
s
Fall 2008
CEE 320
CEE 320
Fall 2008
Density
k
u
q
Traffic Flow Theory
Represents idealized
behavior and fundamental
relationships
flow
density density
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Complete the charts
speed
flow
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Speed vs. Density
k
u u f 1
k
j
uf
Free Flow Speed
Speed (mph)
kj
Fall 2008
Jam Density
CEE 320
Density (veh/mile)
Additional definitions
Free-flow speed (uf)
The speed at which vehicles will travel
unimpeded
Capacity (qm)
The maximum flow a section of roadway can
maintain
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Flow vs. Density
k 2
q uf k
k
j
km kj
Uncongested Flow Optimal density Jam Density
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Density (veh/mile)
Speed vs. Flow
u 2
q k j u
u
uf
Free Flow Speed
f
Uncongested Flow
Speed (mph)
um
Highest flow,
Congested Flow Flow (veh/hr) capacity, qm
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Freeway Monitoring
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Loop Detector Signatures
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Inductance Loop Detectors
Loop inductance decreases when a car is on top of it.
Inductance
T = ton
0
ton
T = toff
toff
Time
Fall 2008
CEE 320
Inductance Loop Detectors
Inductance
High
low
Tn Single
tn1 loop measurements?
tn2 tn3 Tn+1 Time
EVL
s
to
s = speed (ft/sec)
EVL = effective vehicle length (ft)
to = occupancy time (s)
EVL 100
CEE 320
TMS
Fall 2008
CEE 320