Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mixalis Ombashis
ECE-654
Advanced Networks
Design Factors
Fault Tolerance
Scalability
Production Cost
Hardware Constrains
Protocol Stack
Physical Layer
Data link Layer
Military
Applications
Health
Fire Detection
Home
Automation
Introduction
Sensor Node Components
Introduction
Sensor Position
Need to be engineered or predetermined
Random Deployment in inaccessible terrains
Disaster Relief Operations
Local Computation
Transmit Only Required Partially Processed Data
Centralized Approach where all sensors readings are gathered at a sink
(Directed Diffusion)
Failure Classification
Crash or Omission
Timing
Value
Arbitrary
Design Factors
Fault detection techniques
Self-Diagnosis
Group Detection: Only if a reference value is available
Hierarchical Detection: Trees
Fault recovery techniques
Active replication
1. Multipath routing
2. Sensor value aggregation
3. Ignore values from faulty nodes
Passive replication
1. Node selection
a) Self-election : Probabilistic Algorithms
b) Group election: Clusters With Cluster Heads
c) Hierarchical election
2. Service Distribution
a) Pre-Copy: Make The Code of All nodes available on all nodes before deployment
b) Code distribution
c) Remote Execution
Design Factors
Scalability
Number of Deployed nodes vary from hundreds to thousands or
millions depending on the applications
Density has to be utilized:
Production Cost
Obviously has to be low
Design Factors
Hardware Constrains
May need to fit into a matchbox-sized module
Consume Extremely Low Power
Environment
Unattended in Remote geographic areas
Bottom of an ocean
Battlefield
Design Factors
Transmission Media
Wireless Medium: Radio, Infrared
Power Consumption
Limited Power Source
May be Impossible to Replenish Power Source
The malfunctioning of few nodes can cause
significant topological changes and might require
rerouting of packets and reorganization of the
network
Protocol Stack
Management
Planes
Protocol Stack
Management Planes
Power Management Plane:
Manage how a sensor node uses its power
Mobility Management Plane:
Detects and registers the movement of sensor nodes, so a
route back to the user is always maintained and the sensor
nodes can keep track of who their neighbour sensors are
Task Management Plane:
Sensor can work together in a power efficient way, route
data in a mobile sensor network, and share resources
between sensor nodes
Protocol Stack
The Physical Layer
Responsible for
Frequency selection
Carrier frequency generation
Signal detection
Modulation
Data encryption
The Physical Layer
Requirements
The radio must be containable in a small device,
since the sensor nodes are small
Incorporates
Initiative determination
Received based contention
Local congestion control
Distributed duty cycle operation
Cross-layer module (XLM)
Communication in XLM is built on initiative
concept
Provides freedom for each node to decide on
participating in communication
The next-hop in each communication is not
determined in advance
Cross-layer module (XLM)
Initiative determination procedure
A node initiates transmission by broadcasting an RTS packet to
indicate its neighbors that it has a packet to send
Upon receiving an RTS packet, each neighbor of node i decides to
participate in the communication or not
This decision is given through initiative determination
The initiative determination is a binary operation where a node
decides to participate in communication if its initiative is 1.
Denoting the initiative as I, it is determined as follows:
a) RTS signals requires that the received signal to noise ratio (SNR) of an
RTS packet,, is above some threshold
b) Prevents congestion by limiting the traffic a node can relay
c) Ensures that the node does not experience any buffer overflow
d) Ensures that the remaining energy of a node stays above a minimum
value
Cross-layer module (XLM)
Distributed duty cycle operation
Each node is implemented with a sleep frame with length TS sec. As a result, a
node is active for TS sec and sleeps for (1 ) TS sec.
Transmission Initiation
Listens to the channel for a specific period of time
Checks if its information is correlated with the transmitting source nodes
If the channel is occupied, the node performs back off based on its contention
window
When the channel is idle, the node broadcasts an RTS packet, which contains
the location of the sensor node i and the location of the sink
When a node receives an RTS packet, it first checks the source and destination
locations
Receiver Contention
After an RTS packet is received, if a node has initiative to participate in the
communication, it performs receiver contention to forward the packet
References
G.Hoblos, M. Staroswiecki, and A. Aitouche, Optimal Design of Fault Tolerantt Sensor Networks,
IEEE Intl. Conf. Cont. Apps., Anchorage, AK, Sept. 2000, pp. 467-72
Bulusu et al., Scalable Coordination for Wireless Sensor Networks: Self-Configuring Localization
Systems, ISCTA 2001, Ambleside, U.K., July 2001
E.Shih et al., Physical Layer Driven Protocol aand Algorithm Design for Energy-Efficient Wireless
Sensor Networks, Proc. ACM MobiCom 01, Rome, Italy, July 2001, pp 272-86
A.Sinha and A. Chandrakasan, Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE
Design Test Comp., Mar./April. 2001
M.-S. Pan, C.-H. Tsai, and Y.-C. Tseng, Implementation of an Emergency Guiding and Monitoring
System in Indoor 3D Environments by Wireless Sensor Networks, Technical Report of CS/NCTU
2006.
T. Melodia, M. C. Vuran, D. Pompili, The State of the Art in Cross layer Design for Wireless Sensor
Networks, to appear in Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), 2006.
Byounghoon Kim and Sungwoo Tak, A Communication Framework Supporting Cross-Layer Design
for Wireless Networks, IEEE Intl Symposium On Ubiquitous Multimedia Computing, Hobart,
Australia, Oct. 2008