Matematika Teknik II

Februari 2013

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TOPIK
Perkenalan
Sistem kuliah, Ujian, penilaian dll.
BahanMatematika Teknik II
Usulan2 Mahasiswa/dosen
Review

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 Matematika Teknik II
Referensi :
1. Advance Engineering Methematics ( Kreyzig)
2. Dll.

Modul :
1. Bilangan Komplex
2. Fungsi Analitik
3. Integrasi Komplex
4. Deret Pangkat dan Deret Taylor
5. Deret Laurent dan Metode Integral Residu
6. Pemetaan Konformal
7. Deret Fourier
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 Matematika Teknik II (Elektro)
Referensi :
1. Engineering Mathematics (Anthony Croft)
A modern Foundation for Electronic, Electrical and
System Engineer.
2. Advance Engineering Mathematics (Kryzig)
1. Dll.

Modul :
1. Review
2. Bilangan Komplex
3. Deret Pangkat dan Deret Taylor
4. Deret Fourier
5. Dll. 4
 Review
1. Fungsi trigonometri,
2. Logarithmik
3. Diferensial dan integral.

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 Complex Numbers
Consider the quadratic equation x2 + 1 = 0.

Solving for x , gives x2 = 1

x2 1

x 1
We make the following definition:

i 1
Complex Numbers
i 1
Note that squaring both sides yields: i 1
2

therefore i 3 i 2 * i1 1* i i

and i 4 i 2 * i 2 (1) * (1) 1

so i i * i 1* i i
5 4

and i i * i 1* i 1
6 4 2 2

And so on
Real numbers and imaginary numbers are
subsets of the set of complex numbers.

Imaginary
Real Numbers Numbers

Complex Numbers
 Definition of a Complex Number
If a and b are real numbers, the number a + bi is a
complex number, and it is said to be written in
standard form.
If b = 0, the number a + bi = a is a real number.

If a = 0, the number a + bi is called an imaginary

number.

Write the complex number in standard form

1 8 1 i 8 1 i 4 2 1 2i 2
DEFINISI
Im(z)
BILANGAN KOMPLEKS
Bilangan kompleks z adalah suatu z=x+yj = x+yi
pasangan bilangan berurut (x,y) dari
bilangan riil yang dinyatakan dengan,
z=(x,y), ditulis : Re(z)
z=x+yj = x+yi

dimana, x=Re(z) dan y=Im(z)

Contoh-contoh :
(A) z = 3 + 2j
(B) z= - 2+4j
(C) z=-3 4j
(D) z= 1 3j
BIDANG KOMPLEK
 Addition and Subtraction of Complex
Numbers

If a + bi and c +di are two complex numbers written

in standard form, their sum and difference are
defined as follows.

Sum: ( a bi ) ( c di ) ( a c ) ( b d )i
Difference:( a bi ) ( c di ) ( a c ) ( b d )i
CONTOH CONTOH
Penjumlahan dua bilangan Pengurangan dua bilangan
kompleks dalam bidang kompleks dalam bidang
kompleks, z=z1+z2 kompleks, z=z1 z2
Perform the subtraction and write the answer
in standard form.
( 3 + 2i ) ( 6 + 13i )
3 + 2i 6 13i
3 11i

8 18 4 3i 2
8 i 9 2 4 3i 2
8 3i 2 4 3i 2
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Multiplying Complex Numbers

Multiplying complex numbers is similar to

multiplying polynomials and combining like terms.

Perform the operation and write the result in

standard form.( 6 2i )( 2 3i )

12 18i 4i + 6i2
12 22i + 6 ( -1 )
6 22i
 Consider ( 3 + 2i )( 3 2i )
9 6i + 6i 4i2
9 4( -1 )
9+4
13
This is a real number. The product of two
complex numbers can be a real number.

This concept can be used to divide complex numbers.

 Complex Conjugates and Division
Complex conjugates-a pair of complex numbers of
the form a + bi and a bi where a and b are
real numbers.
( a + bi )( a bi )
a 2 abi + abi b 2 i 2
a 2 b 2( -1 )
a2+b2
The product of a complex conjugate pair is a
positive real number.
To find the quotient of two complex numbers
multiply the numerator and denominator
by the conjugate of the denominator.

a bi
a bi c di

c di c di c di
ac adi bci bdi 2

c d
2 2

ac bd bc ad i

c d
2 2
Perform the operation and write the result in
standard form.
6 7i
6 7i 1 2i

1 2i 1 2i 1 2i
6 12i 7i 14i 6 14 5i
2

1 2
2 2
1 4
20 5i 20 5i
4 i
5 5 5
 Perform the operation and write the result
in standard form.
1 i

3

1 i i

3 4 i

i 4i i i 4 i 4 i
i i 12 3i 1 i 12 3i
2
2 2 2
i 4 1 1 16 1
12 3 12 3
1 i i 1 i i
17 17 17 17
17 12 17 3 5 14
i i
17 17 17 17
Expressing Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Now, any Complex Number can be expressed as:
X+Yi
That number can be plotted as on ordered pair in
6

rectangular form like so 4

-5 5

-2

-4

-6
Expressing Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Remember these relationships between polar and
y
rectangular form: tan
x
x y r
2 2 2

y r sin x r cos
So any complex number, X + Yi, can be written in
polar form: X Yi r cos r sin i

r cos r sin i r (cos i sin )

Here is the shorthand way of writing polar form:
rcis
BENTUK POLAR
BILANGAN KOMPLEKS
Diketahui bilangan kompleks z=x+yj
(lihat gambar), dengan subtitusi :

x=r cos ; y = r sin

Maka bilangan kompleks ditulis Im(z)

dalam bentuk polar adalah,
Z =2+j3
z = r cos + j r sin
= r(cos + j sin ) =3.60656.31o
= r
dimana,
r x2 y 2

arg z tan1
y Re(z)
x
Expressing Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Rewrite the following complex number in polar form:
4 - 2i

Rewrite the following complex number in

rectangular form: 7cis 30 0
Expressing Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Express the following complex number in
rectangular form:
2 (cos i sin )
3 3
Expressing Complex Numbers
in Polar Form
Express the following complex number in
polar form: 5i
Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
The product of two complex numbers,
r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) and r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
Can be obtained by using the following formula:
r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) * r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )

r1 * r2[cos(1 2 ) i sin( 1 2 )]
Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
The quotient of two complex numbers,
r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) and r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
Can be obtained by using the following formula:
r1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) / r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )

r1 / r2[cos(1 2 ) i sin( 1 2 )]
Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Find the product of 5cis30 and 2cis120

Next, write that product in rectangular form

Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Find the quotient of 36cis300 divided by
4cis120

Next, write that quotient in rectangular form

Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Find the result of (5(cos 120 i sin 120))
4

Leave your answer in polar form.

Based on how you answered this problem,

what generalization can we make about
raising a complex number in polar form to
a given power?
De Moivres Theorem
De Moivre's Theorem is the theorem which
shows us how to take complex numbers to any
power easily.
De Moivre's Theorem Let r(cos F+isin F) be a
complex number and n be any real number. Then
[r(cos F+isin F]n = rn(cos nF+isin nF)

What is this saying?

The resulting r value will be r to the nth power and the
resulting angle will be n times the original angle.
De Moivres Theorem
Try a sample problem: What is [3(cos 45+isin45)]5?

To do this take 3 to the 5th power, then multiply 45 times 5

and plug back into trigonometric form.

35 = 243 and 45 * 5 =225 so the result is 243(cos 225+isin 225)

Remember to save space you can write it in compact form.

243(cos 225+isin 225)=243cis 225

 De Moivres Theorem
Find the result of: (1 i) 4

Because of the power involved, it would easier to change this

complex number into polar form and then use De Moivres Theorem.
De Moivres Theorem
De Moivre's Theorem also works not only for
integer values of powers, but also rational values
(so we can determine roots of complex numbers).
1 1

( x yi ) (rcis )
p p

1 1
1
r cis ( * ) r cis ( )
p p

p p
De Moivres Theorem
1
Simplify the following:
(4 4 3i) 3
De Moivres Theorem
Every complex number has p distinct pth complex
roots (2 square roots, 3 cube roots, etc.)
To find the p distinct pth roots of a complex number,
we use the following form of De Moivres Theorem
360n
1 1

( x yi ) r cis (
p p
)
p
where n is all integer values between 0 and p-1.
Why the 360? Well, if we were to graph the complex
roots on a polar graph, we would see that the p roots
would be evenly spaced about 360 degrees (360/p would
tell us how far apart the roots would be).
De Moivres Theorem
Find the 4 distinct 4th roots of -3 - 3i
De Moivres Theorem
Solve the following equation for all complex
number solutions (roots): x 3 27 0
CONTOH CONTOH
Hitunglah, akar dari, z3=1 Hitunglah, akar dari, z4=1
Jawab Jawab
 Impedance
AC steady-state analysis using phasors
allows us to express the relationship
between current and voltage using a
formula that looks likes Ohms law:
V=IZ
Z is called impedance (units of ohms, )
Impedance is (often) a complex number,
but is not a phasor
Impedance depends on frequency,

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Phasor Relationships for Circuit
Elements
Resistor
In the phasor domain,
Z = R.
Voltage-current relationship is
given by V = IR .

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
 Example for V and I phasor in resistor

v(t) = Vmcos(t + )
VAC R i(t) = Vm/R cos(t + )

v(t) Vm/2
i(t) Im /2

t
Phasor Relationships for Circuit
Elements
Inductor
In the phasor domain,
Z = jL
Voltage-current relationship is
given by V = jLI

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
 Example for V and I phasor in inductor
Vm/2

i(t ) I m cos t
v(t) i(t) v(t ) LI m sin t
Im/2

Here we can set the voltage

to be zero phase, then the
Vm/2
phase of current will be
i(t ) I m cos t
v(t ) I m R 2 (L) 2 cos t Im/2
Phasor Relationships for Circuit
Elements
Capacitor
In the phasor domain,

Voltage-current relationship is
give by

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Example for V and I phasor in capacitor
v(t) = Vmcos (t+)
i (t ) CVm sin( t )
VAC C
CVm cos(t / 2)
I m cos(t / 2)

Im /2
v(t) Vm/2
i( Vm
t) Im
0 2 t
Impedance
A general expression for impedance , Z

Z = R jX

R = resistance , X = reactance

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Impedance Summary
Element Impedance Resistance Reactance
Resistor ZR = R R 0
= R 0
Inductor ZL = jL 0 L
= L 90
Capacitor ZC = 1 / jC 0 -1 / C
= -j/C
= 1/C -90
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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Exercise 4
The current in the 75mH inductor is
4cos(40000t 38o)mA.

Calculate
a) the inductive reactance
b) the impedance of the inductor
c) the phasor voltage V
d) the steady-state expression v(t).

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Exercise 5
Find the phasor domain equivalent
circuit for the following circuit

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Series Impedance

Z1
Z2 Zeq
Z3

Zeq = Z1 + Z2 + Z3

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Parallel Impedance

Z1 Z2 Z3 Zeq

1/Zeq = 1/Z1 + 1/Z2 + 1/Z3

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Exercise 6
Find the input impedance of the circuit.
Assume that the circuit operates at = 50 rad/s.

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Circuit Analysis Techniques

While Obeying Passive Sign Convention

Ohms Law; KCL; KVL
Voltage and Current Division
Series/Parallel Impedance combinations
Z series Z1 Z 2 Z N Z j
1 1 1 1 1

Z par Z1 Z 2 ZM Zi

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)
i1(t) i5(t)
i2(t) i4(t)
i3(t)

The sum of currents entering a node is zero:

n

i (t) 0
j1
j

Analogy: mass flow at pipe junction

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
+ -
v(t)2 +
+
v(t)1 v(t)3
-
-

The sum of voltages around a loop is zero:

n

v
j 1
j (t ) 0
Analogy: pressure drop thru pipe loop

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Exercise 7
A 90, a 32mH inductor and a 5F capacitor are connected in
series across the terminal of a sinusoidal voltage, a shown in
Fig 9(a) below. The steady-state expression for the source
Vs is 750cos(5000t + 30o)V.
a) Construct the phasor domain equivalent circuit
b) Calculated the steady-state current i(t) by the phasor method

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
VOLTAGE DIVIDER

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Exercise 8
Use the concept of voltage division to find
the steady-state expression for vo(t) in the
circuit if the vg = 100cos(8000t) V

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
CURRENT DIVIDER

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
 Exercise 9
Determine vo(t) in the circuit using current divider

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Delta()-Wye(Y)
Zb Zc a Za Zc
Z1 Z3
Z a Zb Zc Z a Zb Zc
Zb Z1 Zc

Z2 Z3

c b
Za
Z a Zb
Z2
Z a Zb Zc
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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
 Wye(Y)-Delta()
Z Z Z Z Z Z a Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
Zb 1 2 2 3 3 1
Zc
Z3 Z2
Z Z Z
1
b
Z Z c

2 3
c b
Z
a

Z1 Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
Za
Z1
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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
 Exercise 10
Find current I in the circuit.

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
 Exercise 10 (cont)

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DEE2113 : Chapter 1 - Sinusoids and Phasor
Line & Phase Values
Please note that:
In a 3-phase system; the line values (voltage &
current) are the ones specified.
It is very dangerous to touch any two line wire
(because of much higher voltages).
All values are rms.
Red, Yellow, Blue represent .
v1 , v2 , v3
Line & Phase Values
While it is easy to identify phase & line
voltages; caution is taken on phase & line
currents.
It is easier to assume that phase & line
currents are the same.
RMS (Root Mean Square)

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Star & Delta 3-ph
representation
There are two distinct ways of representing
3-phase voltages/currents;
Star or Delta. [Star is sometimes called
Wye].
Let us re-draw the phasors for 3-phase
voltages.
 Star & Delta 3-ph representation
Phasors v2

Star
Delta v2
v3 v1
v3
v1
 Star & Delta 3-ph connections
Power connections v2 Y

Star
Delta v2 Y
n

v3 v1 R
v3
v1 R
B

B
 It is noted that:
A Star connection has a neutral point (n)
and can be accessed when need arises. But
the Delta connection does not have one.
Hence in a Delta connection only the line
voltages can be measured. But in the Star
connection both line & phase voltages are
measurable.
Star-Star connection
Supply-load connections
i1

supply Load
n n

i2
i3
Star-Delta connection
Supply-load connections

i1
I1
supply
Load I3
n

i2 I2

i3
Line & Phase currents
In the star connection; the line current=phase
current.
But in Delta connection; the line current DOES
NOT equal to phase current e.g.

i1 I1
But we may use KCL to find the relationships
between line and phase currents.

i1 I1 I 3 0
Power in 3-phase
We know that is 1-phase;

Power VI cos
But in 3 phase;
Total power
3VI cos ;
where V , I are phase values.
VL
Total power 3 I L cos 3VL I L cos
3
where VL , I L are line values
(assume I I L )
3-phase Exercises
Exercise 1 :
v1 (t ) V sin( wt ) reference voltage;
express v2 (t ), v3 (t ) as sine functions.
Solution
v1 (t ) V sin( wt )
v2 (t ) V sin( wt 120 )o

v3 (t ) V sin( wt 240 ) V sin( wt 120 )

o o
 3-phase Exercises
Exercise 2 :
A 2MW ,11kV , 3phase source uses 80% of its capacity to supply a load.
determine the current if power factor is 0.5

supply 2MW Load 0.8 * 2 1.6MW

Load 3VL I L cos 1.6 *106 3 *11*103 * I L * 0.5
3200
IL 168.0 A
11 3
current in a line phase current if star connection
3-phase exercises
Exercise 3:
A 0.6MW, 416V, 3-phase, 50Hz load has
a power factor of 0.5.
Determine the necessary capacitors and
show their connections so as to improve
the power factor to 0.9.
Solution 3

The power factor improvement is done by

connecting a capacitor between @ phase &
the neutral point.
[Though it is possible to connect a
capacitor between phases but then the
capacitors are more expensive because of
the higher (line) voltages].
Star-Star connection
Supply-load connections

i1
C
Supply Load
n n
C
i2
C

i3
Solution 3

Since @ capacitor is connected across a

phase & neutral; phase voltages must be
used.
We are at liberty to use the phasor diagram
studied earlier.
Solution 3
c
cos 0.5
V
cos 0.9

I C I sin I 1 sin
1

I cos I cos
1

I cos
I 1

cos
I C I (sin cos tan )
Solution 3

But
P 3VL I L cos
where I L I
P 0.6 *10 6
I
3VL cos 3 * 416 * 0.5
6
10
1,388
416 3
Solution 3
106 0.5 sin
IC [sin ]
416 3 0. 9
10 6 3 5 19
[ ]
416 3 2 9 10
865.9
Voltage across capacitor
1
VC I C Z C I C *
2fC
 Solution 3
IC

100C
IC IC
C
100VC 100 * 416
3
0.01839 F 18390F
3 cap of 183908
In pratice use nearest higher val uable available on market.
Question 4
A 440V, 3-ph, Y-connected source has two
loads connected as:
One load is balanced in @ phase with
Z=10+j5.
The second load is balanced in @ phase
with Z=15+j0.
(i) Find the average power to @ load.
(ii) Find the total power delivered.
 V0 V
i1
Z Z
Power in 3 phase
3VI cos 15.5 *10 15.5kW
3
 Total load =(10+j5)+(15+j0)=25+j5=Z
5
Z 25 j 5 Z ; arctan
25
440 0
3 440
i phase
Z Z 3
Total power 3 *V phase * i phase cos
440 440 440 2
3* * * cos cos 11.3o
3 3Z 650
7.45kW