Physics 111: Lecture 9

Todays Agenda
Work & Energy
Discussion
Definition
Dot Product
Work of a constant force
Work/kinetic energy theorem
Work of multiple constant forces
Comments

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 1

 Work & Energy

One of the most important concepts in physics

Alternative approach to mechanics

Many applications beyond mechanics

Thermodynamics (movement of heat)
Quantum mechanics...

Very useful tools

You will learn new (sometimes much easier) ways to
solve problems

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 2

 Forms of Energy

Kinetic: Energy of motion.

A car on the highway has kinetic energy.

We have to remove this energy to stop it.

The breaks of a car get HOT!
This is an example of turning one form of energy into
another (thermal energy).

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 3

 Mass = Energy (but not in Physics 111)

Particle Physics:

E = 1010 eV
(a)
e- e+
+ 5,000,000,000 V - 5,000,000,000 V

(b) M E = MC2

(c) ( poof ! )

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 4

 Wilberforce
Energy Conservation
Returning
Energy cannot be destroyed or created. Can
Just changed from one form to another.

We say energy is conserved!

True for any isolated system.
i.e. when we put on the brakes, the kinetic energy of the
car is turned into heat using friction in the brakes. The total
energy of the car-breaks-road-atmosphere system is the
same.
The energy of the car alone is not conserved...
It is reduced by the braking.

Doing work on an isolated system will change its energy...

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 5

 Definition of Work:

Ingredients: Force (F), displacement (r)

Work, W, of a constant force F

F
acting through a displacement r
is: r
Fr
W = F r = F r cos = Fr r

Dot Product

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 6

 Definition of Work...
Hairdryer

Only the component of F along the displacement is doing

work.
Example: Train on a track.

r
F cos

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 7

 Aside: Dot Product (or Scalar Product)
Definition: a
ba
.
a b = ab cos

= a[b cos ] = aba b
a

= b[a cos ] = bab

ab b
Some properties:
ab = ba
q(ab) = (qb)a = b(qa) (q is a scalar)
a(b + c) = (ab) + (ac) (c is a vector)

The dot product of perpendicular vectors is 0 !!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 8

 Aside: Examples of dot products
y

i.i=j.j=k.k=1
j
i.j=j.k=k.i=0
i x
k
z

Suppose Then

a=1i+2j+3k .
a b = 1x4 + 2x(-5) + 3x6 = 12
b=4i -5j+6k .
a a = 1x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 14
.
b b = 4x4 + (-5)x(-5) + 6x6 = 77

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 9

 Aside: Properties of dot products

Magnitude:
a2 = |a|2 =a a.
.
= (ax i + ay j) (ax i + ay j)
. .
= ax 2(i i) + ay 2(j j) + 2ax ay (i . j)
= ax 2 + ay 2

a
Pythagorean Theorem!! ay

ax j

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 10

 Aside: Properties of dot products

Components:
a = ax i + ay j + az k = (ax , ay , az) = (a . i, a . j, a . k)

d da db
Derivatives: (ab ) b a
dt dt dt

Apply to velocity

d 2 d dv dv
v (v v ) v v 2v a
dt dt dt dt
d 2
So if v is constant (like for UCM): v 2v a 0
dt

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 11

 Back to the definition of Work:
Skateboard
Work, W, of a force F acting
through a displacement r is:
W = F r
F
r

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 12

 Lecture 9, Act 1
Work & Energy
A box is pulled up a rough (m > 0) incline by a rope-pulley-
weight arrangement as shown below.

How many forces are doing work on the box?

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 13

 Lecture 9, Act 1
Solution
N
Draw FBD of box: v
T
Consider direction of
motion of the box
Any force not perpendicular
to the motion will do work:
f
N does no work (perp. to v)
T does positive work
3 forces mg
f does negative work
do work
mg does negative work

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 14

 Work: 1-D Example
(constant force)
A force F = 10 N pushes a box across a frictionless
floor for a distance x = 5 m.

Work done by F on box :

WF = Fx = F x (since F is parallel to x)
WF = (10 N) x (5 m) = 50 Joules (J)

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 15

 Units:

Force x Distance = Work

Newton x Meter = Joule

[M][L] / [T]2 [L] [M][L]2 / [T]2

mks cgs other

Dyne-cm (erg) BTU = 1054 J

N-m (Joule)
= 10-7 J calorie = 4.184 J
foot-lb = 1.356 J
eV = 1.6x10-19 J

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 16

 Work & Kinetic Energy:

A force F = 10 N pushes a box across a frictionless

floor for a distance x = 5 m. The speed of the box is v1
before the push and v2 after the push.

v1 v2
F
m

i
x

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 17

 Work & Kinetic Energy...

Since the force F is constant, acceleration a will be

constant. We have shown that for constant a:
v22 - v12 = 2a(x2-x1) = 2ax.
multiply by 1/2m: 1/ mv 2 - 1/ mv 2 = max
2 2 2 1
But F = ma 1/ mv 2 - 1/ mv 2 = Fx
2 2 2 1

v1 v2
F
m a

i
x

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 18

 Work & Kinetic Energy...

So we find that
1/2mv22 - 1/2mv12 = Fx = WF

Define Kinetic Energy K: K = 1/2mv2

K2 - K1 = WF
WF = K (Work/kinetic energy theorem)

v1 v2
F
m a

i
x

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 19

 Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:

{Net Work done on object}

=
{change in kinetic energy of object}

Wnet K

K 2 K1
1 1
mv 2 mv1
2 2

2 2

Well prove this for a variable force later.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 20

 Lecture 9, Act 2
Work & Energy
Two blocks have masses m1 and m2, where m1 > m2. They
are sliding on a frictionless floor and have the same kinetic
energy when they encounter a long rough stretch (i.e. m > 0)
which slows them down to a stop.
Which one will go farther before stopping?
(a) m1 (b) m2 (c) they will go the same distance

m1

m2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 21

 Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
The work-energy theorem says that for any object WNET = K
In this example the only force that does work is friction (since
both N and mg are perpendicular to the blocks motion).

f
m

mg

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 22

 Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
The work-energy theorem says that for any object WNET = K
In this example the only force that does work is friction (since
both N and mg are perpendicular to the blocks motion).
The net work done to stop the box is - fD = -mmgD.
This work removes the kinetic energy that the box had:
WNET = K2 - K1 = 0 - K1

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 23

 Lecture 9, Act 2
Solution
The net work done to stop a box is - fD = -mmgD.
This work removes the kinetic energy that the box had:
WNET = K2 - K1 = 0 - K1
This is the same for both boxes (same starting kinetic energy).

mm2gD2 mm1gD1 m2D2 m1D1

Since m1 > m2 we can see that D2 > D1

m1 m2

D1 D2
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 24
 A simple application:
Work done by gravity on a falling object
What is the speed of an object after falling a distance H,
assuming it starts at rest?
Wg = F r = mg r cos(0) = mgH
v0 = 0

mg j
Wg = mgH r
H
Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:

Wg = mgH = 1/2mv2

v 2 gH v

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 25

 What about multiple forces?

Suppose FNET = F1 + F2 and the

displacement is r.
The work done by each force is:
FNET
F1 r
W1 = F1 r W2 = F2 r

WTOT = W1 + W2 F2
= F1 r + F2 r
= (F1 + F2 ) r

WTOT = FTOT r Its the total force that matters!!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 26

 Comments:

Time interval not relevant

Run up the stairs quickly or slowly...same W

Since W = F r

No work is done if:

F = 0 or
r = 0 or
= 90o

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 27

 Comments...

W = F r

No work done if = 90o.

T
No work done by T. v

v
N
No work done by N.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 28

 Lecture 9, Act 3
Work & Energy
An inclined plane is accelerating with constant acceleration a.
A box resting on the plane is held in place by static friction.
How many forces are doing work on the block?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 29

 Lecture 9, Act 3
Solution
First, draw all the forces in the system:

FS

N
mg

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 30

 Lecture 9, Act 3
Solution
Recall that W = F r so only forces that have a
component along the direction of the displacement are
doing work.

FS

N
mg

The answer is (b) 2.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 31

 Recap of todays lecture

Work & Energy

Discussion
Definition
Dot Product
Work of a constant force
Work/kinetic energy theorem
Properties (units, time independence, etc.)
Work of a multiple forces
Comments

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 32

 Physics 111: Lecture 10

Todays Agenda

Review of Work
Work done by gravity near the Earths surface
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 33

 Review: Constant Force

Work, W, of a constant force F

F
acting through a displacement r
is: r
Fr
W = F r = F r cos() = Fr r

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 34

 Review: Sum of Constant Forces

Suppose FNET = F1 + F2 and the

displacement is S.
The work done by each force
is: FTOT
F1 r
W1 = F1 r
W2 = F2 r

WNET = W1 + W2 F2
= F1 r + F2 r
= (F1 + F2 ) r
WNET = FNET r

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 35

 Review: Constant Force...

W = F r

No work done if = 90o.

T
No work done by T.
v

v
N
No work done by N.

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 36

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:

{Net Work done on object}

=
{change in kinetic energy of object}

WF = K = 1/2mv22 - 1/2mv12

v1 v2
F
m WF = Fx

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 37

 Work done by gravity:

Wg = F r = mg r cos
= -mg y
m

Wg = -mg y mg
r j
Depends only on y ! y

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 38

 Work done by gravity...

W NET = W1 + W2 + . . .+ Wn
= F r 1+ F r2 + . . . + F rn
= F (r1 + r 2+ . . .+ rn) m
= F r mg
r1
= F y r2
r
y r3
j
Wg = -mg y

Depends only on y,
rn
not on path taken!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 39

 Lecture 10, Act 1 Falling
objects
Falling Objects
Three objects of mass m begin at height h with velocity 0. One
falls straight down, one slides down a frictionless inclined
plane, and one swings on the end of a pendulum. What is the
relationship between their velocities when they have fallen to
height 0?
v=0 v=0 v=0

vf vi vp

Free Fall Frictionless incline Pendulum

(a) Vf > Vi > Vp (b) Vf > Vp > Vi (c) Vf = Vp = Vi

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 40

 Lecture 10, Act 1
Solution
v=0 v=0 v=0

vf vi vp

Free Fall Frictionless incline Pendulum

Only gravity will do work: Wg = mgH = 1/2 mv22 - 1/2 mv12 = 1/2 mv22

v f v i v p 2 gH does not depend on path !!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 41

 Lifting a book with your hand:
What is the total work done on the book??
First calculate the work done by gravity:

Wg = mg r = -mg r
FHAND
r
Now find the work done by
v = const
the hand:
a=0
WHAND = FHAND r = FHAND r
mg

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 42

 Example: Lifting a book...
Textbook

Wg = -mg r
WHAND = FHAND r
FHAND
r
WNET = WHAND + Wg v = const
= FHAND r - mg r a=0
= (FHAND - mg) r
mg

= 0 since K = 0 (v = const)

So WTOT = 0!!

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 43

 Example: Lifting a book...

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem says: W = K

{Net Work done on object} = {change in kinetic energy of object}

In this case, v is constant so K = 0

and so W must be 0, as we found.

FHAND
r
v = const
a=0

mg

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 44

 Work done by Variable Force: (1D)

When the force was constant, we

F
wrote W = F x
Wg
area under F vs. x plot:
x
x

For variable force, we find the area

by integrating:
dW = F(x) dx.
F(x)

x2
W F ( x )dx
x1
x1 x2
dx

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 45

 Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem for a
Variable Force
x2
W F dx F ma m dv
x1
dt
x2
dv dx dv dx dv dv
m = = v dx (chain rule)
x1 dt dt dt dx
v2
dv
mv dx
v1 dx
v2
m v dv
v1

1 1 1
m (v22 v12 ) m v22 mv12 KE
2 2 2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 46

 1-D Variable Force Example: Spring

For a spring we know that Fx = -kx.

F(x) x1 x2

relaxed position
-kx

F = - k x1

F = - k x2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 47

 Spring...

The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement

from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.
F(x) x1 x2

x
Ws
relaxed position
-kx

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 48

 Spring... Spring

The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement

from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.
x2
Ws F ( x )dx
F(x) x1 x2 x1

x2
( kx )dx
x x1

Ws 1 x2
kx 2
-kx 2 x1

k x 22 x12
1
Ws
2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 49

 Lecture 10, Act 2
Work & Energy
A box sliding on a horizontal frictionless surface runs into a
fixed spring, compressing it a distance x1 from its relaxed
position while momentarily coming to rest.
If the initial speed of the box were doubled and its mass
were halved, how far x2 would the spring compress ?

(a) x2 x1 (b) x2 2 x1 (c) x2 2 x1

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 50

 Lecture 10, Act 2
Solution
Again, use the fact that WNET = K.
In this case, WNET = WSPRING = -1/2 kx2
and K = -1/2 mv2

m1
so kx2 = mv2 In the case of x1 x1 v1
k

v1 x1
m1

m1

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 51

 m
x v Lecture 10, Act 2
k
Solution
So if v2 = 2v1 and m2 = m1/2

m1 2 2m1
x 2 2v 1 v1
k k

x2 2 x1

v2 x2
m2

m2

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 52

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
A spring (constant k) is stretched a distance d, and a mass m
is hooked to its end. The mass is released (from rest). What
is the speed of the mass when it returns to the relaxed
position if it slides without friction?

m relaxed position

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m after release

v
m back at relaxed position

vr
Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 53
 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
First find the net work done on the mass during the motion
from x = d to x = 0 (only due to the spring):

k x22 x12 k 0 2 d 2 kd 2
1 1 1
Ws
2 2 2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 54

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Now find the change in kinetic energy of the mass:

1 1 1
K mv 22 mv12 mv r2
2 2 2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 55

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Now use work kinetic-energy theorem: Wnet = WS = K.

1 1 k
kd 2 mv r 2 vr d
2 2 m

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 56

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Now suppose there is a coefficient of friction m between the
block and the floor
The total work done on the block is now the sum of the work
done by the spring WS (same as before) and the work done by
friction Wf.
.
Wf = f r = - mmg d

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m f = mmg relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 57

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Again use Wnet = WS + Wf = K
1 1
K mv r
2 2
Wf = -mmg d W S kd
2 2

1 2 1
kd mmgd mv r k 2
2

2 2 vr d 2 gd
m

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m f = mmg relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 58

 Recap of todays lecture

Review
Work done by gravity near the Earths surface
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction

Physics 111: Lecture 9, Pg 59