Digital Communications

( )

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 Main text: class notes
References
Digital transmission of information by Richard E. Blahut,
Addison-Wesley, 1990.
Communication systems by Simon Haykin, John Wiley &
Sons, 2001.
Test
(35%), (35%), 4 ( 5%),
(10%)

2
 Introduction to
Digital Communications
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Data Communication Model

Covered in Digital Communications

4
 Communication System
Transmitter

message source channel

Source Channel
signal codeword encoder codeword Modulator
encoder

waveform
Data
Compression Error control Channel
coding
received signal
estimated estimated estimated
message Source source Channel channel
signal codeword decoder codeword Demodulator
decoder

Receiver
User
5
 Communication System

Two basic modes of communications

Broadcasting
Single powerful transmitter and many receivers
TV, Radio, etc.
Point-to-point communication
Link between a single transmitter and a receiver
Telephone

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 Communication Resources

Two primary resources

Transmitted power
Average power of transmitted signal
Channel bandwidth
Band of frequencies allocated for transmission
System design objective
Use two resources as efficiently as possible.
Power limited vs. Band limited

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 Communication Channels
Guided propagation vs. free propagation
telephone channels, coaxial cables, optical fibers, etc.
broadcast channels, mobile radio channels, satellite
channels, etc.
Random error vs. burst error
Deep-space channels, satellite channels
Radio channels, wire and cable, magnetic recording
channel, etc.
Discrete vs. continuous
Binary symmetric channel (BSC), binary erasure channel
(BEC)
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, Fading
channels (Rayleigh, Rician), etc. 8
 Channel Capacity

Shannon (1948)
If you transmit information at a rate R < C, then the error-
free transmission is possible.
Definition of channel capacity C
Maximum rate at which information can be transmitted
across the channel without error.
Goal of communication system design in power-limited
environment:
achieve a target error rate of data transmission with as low
signal power as possible.
Similar to achieving the capacity bound as close as possible
with less power.
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 Channel Capacity

AWGN channel
C = W log2 (1 + SNR) bit/sec,
where W denotes the channel bandwidth and SNR denotes the
signal to noise ratio.
BSC
C = 1 H() ,
where is the error probability of the channel and H( ) is the
entropy with the parameter .
BEC
C=1,
where is the erasure probability.

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 Channel Capacity

Channel capacity of AWGN channel

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 Modulation

Modulation:
Modifies the message signal into a form suitable for
transmission over the channel.
Demodulation:
Recreates the original message signal from a degraded
version of the transmitted signal after propagation through
the channel.
Due to the presence of noise, the original message signal
cannot be recreated exactly.
The degradation is influenced by the type of modulation
scheme.

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 Modulation

Continuous wave (CW) modulation

Carrier is a sinusoidal wave.
Amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM),
phase modulation (PM)
Pulse modulation
Carrier is a periodic sequence of rectangular pulses.
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) or amplitude-shift
keying (ASK), pulse-duration modulation (PDM), pulse-
position modulation (PPM)
Other names: frequency shift keying (FSK), amplitude-
shift keying (ASK), on-off keying (OOK), phase-shift
keying (PSK), M-ary orthogonal keying, etc.
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 Modulation

Another benefit: Multiplexing

Combines several message signals for their simultaneous
transmission over the same channel.
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
CW modulation is used.
Assigns message signal distinct carrier frequency.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
Pulse modulation is used.
Different time slots
Code-division multiplexing (CDM)
Each message is identified by a distinctive code.
Message signals are permitted to overlap in both time and
frequency.
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 Error Control Coding
Channel encoder produces a new sequence of symbols
called the channel codeword.
Controlled redundancy exists in the construction of
channel codeword.
Channel codeword is longer than source codeword.
Benefits
In principle:
If you transmit information at a rate R < C, then the error-free
transmission is possible.
In practice:
Reduce the error rates
Reduce the transmitted power requirements

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 Error Control Coding

Classification
Block codes
Hamming, BCH, RS, Golay, Goppa, Algebraic geometric
codes (AGC), LDPC codes
Tree codes
Convolutional codes, turbo codes
Linear codes
Hamming, BCH, RS, Golay, Goppa, AGC, LDPC, turbo, etc.
Nonlinear codes
Nordstrom-Robinson, Kerdock, Preparata, etc.
Systematic codes vs. Nonsystematic codes

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Error Control Coding

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 Digital Communication Problem

Elements of digital communication system

transmitter
(phase shift keying modulation)
message transmitted + channel output
signal m(t) (received signal) x(t)
signal s(t)
01 +
1+1 channel
for duration T carrier wave noise w(t)
Accos(2fc t),
where fc=1/T

received yT decision say 1 if yT > 0

T
signal x(t) dt making
0
device say 0, otherwise
correlator

local carrier 18
receiver threshold=0
cos(2fc t)
 Digital Communication Problem

Theoretical issues
Justification of the receiver structure.
Finding a random variable describing the noise.
Determining the probability of decision of errors.
Practical issues
Choice of modulation scheme conserving bandwidth in a
cost-effective manner.
Design of channel encoder/decoder to be close to the
channel capacity.
Synchronization of the carrier frequencies in modulator
and demodulator.

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 Topics in
Digital Communications
 Topics
1. Fourier Transform, Random Processes
2. Baseband Communications
signaling, matched filter, equalization, etc.
3. Passband Communications
signaling, coherent/noncoherent demodulation, Rayleigh
and Rician distribution, etc.
4. Optimality
Maximum-likelihood (ML), maximum a posteriori (MAP)
5. Error Control Coding
6. Multiple Access Communications
7. Spread Spectrum Communications 21