Test Perhitungan U-Value

wall construction. (R = resistance, k = conductivity)

inside air film R = 0.120
12mm plaster k = 0.641
100mm polyethurene board k = 0.035
50mm timber, hardwood k = 0.120
100mm brick k = 0.440
outside air film R = 0.050

What is the overall wall U value ?

Thermal Behaviour of Buildings
A building can be considered as a thermal system, with a series of
heat inputs and outputs.
Qi internal heat gain
Qc conduction heat gain or loss
Qs solar heat gain
Qv ventilation heat gain or loss
Qe evaporative heat loss

Thermal balance exists when the sum of all heat flow terms is zero
Qi Qc + Qs Qv - Qe = 0
 Combined Modes of Heat Transfer
(a) heat transfer by convection Qch and radiation Qrh from
the hot air and surrounding surfaces to the wall surface,
(b) heat transfer by conduction through the wall Qk,
(c) heat transfer by convection Qcc and radiation Qrc from
the wall surface to the cold air and surrounding surfaces.

Qch Qcc

Qch Qcc
Qk

Qrh Qrc Qk

Qrh Qrc
Thermal Behaviour of Buildings
Qe Qs

Qc
Qs

Qc

Qv
Qi

Qv
Internal Gains

Qi
 Internal Gains
Include the heat output of occupants, appliances and
lighting.
Heat output of human bodies at various activities
(metabolic rate)
Appliances and electric lighting as the total consumption
rate (power, in W) for the duration of their use (power x
time = energy, W x h = Wh)
 Solar Heat Gain

Ts

Ti
To
 Solar Heat Gain
Considered differently for transparent and opaque surfaces
1.Transparent surfaces (e.g. window)
Product of solar irradiance (G), area (A) and solar gain factor (sgf).
The sum of the inward emitted heat and the direct transmission.
Therefore: Qs = A x G x sgf
2.Opaque surfaces (e.g. wall)
Incident solar radiation acts first to increase the external surface
temperature of the element. Termed by sol-air temperature concept, as
more heat will flow from outside to inside.
Radiant heat input: Qin = G x A x abs
Radiant heat loss: Qloss = A x h x (Ts-To) ; h = surface
conductance
Therefore: Qin = Qloss abs = absorbtance
G x A x abs = A x h x (Ts-To)
Ts-To = G x abs / h or Ts-To = G x abs x Rso
Hence: Qs = qc x (Ts-To)
Qs = qc x G x abs / h or Qs = qc x G x abs x Rso
 Ventilation Heat Flow

Ti
To
 Ventilation Heat Flow
Both deliberate ventilation and incidental air
infiltration cause a heat flow
1.If the ventilation rate (vfr) is known
then the specific ventilation heat flow rate (qv) can be found as
qv = 1200 x vfr ; where 1200 J/m2 K is the volumetric heat
capacity of moist air
2.If the number of air changes per hour (N) is
known
vfr = N x V / 3600 (m3 /s)
where V is the volume of the room or building (m3)
substituting:
qv = 0.33 x N x V ; where 0.33 is 1200/3600
The ventilation heat flow rate (Qv) itself will be
Qv = qv x dT ; where dT = To - Ti
 Evaporation heat loss

Qe Qe

Ti
To
 Evaporation heat loss
Can be provided as part of a passive system e.g by
roof pool or a courtyard pond, or a spray over the
roof.
It may lower the dry bulb temperature, but increases
the humidity.
Indirectly, evaporation loss occurs if there is some
evaporation within the space or room, but the
moist air is then removed by ventilation (mass
transfer).
If the evaporation rate (evr, in kg/h) is known, heat
loss will be

Qe = (2400 / 3600) x evr = 666 x evr (kW)

where 2400 kJ/kg is the latent heat of evaporation of water
 Conduction Heat Gain

Ti
To
 Conductance and Conductivity
Conductivity (k) (W/m.oC)
Rate at which heat flows through a homogeneous
material
Conductance (C) (W/m2.oC)
Conductivity for a unit area standard thickness
material
C = k x 1/b
b = thickness (m)
 Resistance
Resistance (R)
A measure of resistance to heat flow
reciprocal value of C
R = 1/C, or C = 1/R
R = b x 1/k = b/k, or C = k/b
Higher R value = Better insulator
 Multilayer body
In multilayer body of different materials the
total resistance = sum of individual
resistance.
R = R1 + R2 + R3 +
R = b1/k1 + b2/k2 + b3/k3 = b/k
C = 1/R = 1/ b/k
Note: conductance is not additive, only
resistance can be added
 Building Construction

Body Resistance (Rb)

Air to air resistance (Ra)

1/fi R2 R1 R3 1/fo

Ra = 1/fI + Rb + 1/fo
U = 1/Ra U value (transmittance value of building elements)
mostly used in Building thermal calculation
U Value Calculation Example
U Value Calculation Example

wall construction. (R = resistance, k = conductivity)

inside air film R = 0,120
12mm plaster k = 0,641
100mm polyethurene board k = 0,035
50mm timber, hardwood k = 0,120
100mm brick k = 0,440
outside air film R = 0,050

What is the overall wall U value ?

 U Value Calculation Answer
Find the R-value!
Wall Element R
inside air film 0,120
12mm plaster 0,018
100mm polyethurene board 2,850
50mm timber, hardwood 0,416
100mm brick 0,227
outside air film 0,050

TOTAL R value 3,681

U value = 1/R = 1/3,681 = 0.271

 Envelope Load

Qc, Qs, and Qv are considered as envelope load.

The two major environmental influences of heat flow
are air temperature and solar radiation.
The following is a summary of the expressions used
for steady state heat flow calculations:

Q = (qc + qv) x dT + Qso + Qsw

 Thermal Insulation
There are three forms of insulation: reflective, resistive
and capacitive.
1.Reflective Insulation
Primarily radiant, i.e. across a cavity or attic space.
Determined by the emittance of warmer surface and the absorbtance of
receiving surface.
Has no effect when in contact with another material
2.Resistive Insulation
Resistance to conduction. Air has the lowest thermal conductivity: 0.025 W/m
K, as long as it is still.
The best ones have a fine foam structure
3.Capacitive Insulation
Respond to temperature changes periodically and provides a delaying effect for
heat flow. Expressed by additional property: thermal lag and decrement factor.

If the only influential property is the U-value, a 220 mm brick wall would
similarly behave as 10 mm polystyrene slab.
Reflective Insulation
Resistive Insulation
Capacitive Insulation