INSTITUTO POLITCNICO NACIONAL

CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE INVESTIGACION PARA EL

DESARROLLO INTEGRAL REGIONAL UNIDAD SINALOA

Guasave Sinaloa 31 de agosto de 2017 1

 Intoduction- overview of
acuaculture and fisheries
industry
Fish is considered an important source of proteins,
essential micronutrients including vitamins and minerals,
and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids.

Therefore, fish has a vital positive nutritional impact with

evidence of beneficial effects regarding coronary heart
disease, stroke, age-related macular degeneration,
mental health, high blood pressure, some cancers

High-value species such as shrimp, prawns, salmon, tuna,

seabass and seabream are highly traded, and lowvalue
species such as small pelagics are exported in large
quantities, mainly to developing countries. Particularly in
these countries, where total protein intake may be low,
fish and fishery products may represent a crucial and
affordable source of animal protein
(Lund 2013).
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
OF AQUACULTURE
Industrial development and the subsequent population growth have brought the need to retain life-
support systems due to the increasing demand on natural resources. Aquaculture,

It is then necessary to discuss and

impose conservation and preservation
measures in order to promote the
rational use of resources and optimise
it in a long-term basis. (Pillay 2004)

the EU has made efforts concerning the management of environmental impacts of marine aquaculture through
the implementation of Directives such as Environmental Quality Objectives (EQOs) and Environmental Quality
Standards (EQSs) (Read & Fernandes 2003).
 DISCHARGES OF EFFLUENTS
The organic enrichment causes environmental deterioration of the receiving water bodies and sediments,
by increasing water nutrients, in particular nitrogen and phosphorous Generally, 5295% of the nitrogen
and 85% of the phosphorus input into a marine fish culture system as feed may be lost into the
environment through feed wastage, fish excretion and faeces production

(Marinho-Soriano et al. 2011). (Zhou et al. 2006). (Paez-Osuna 2001).

 DISCHARGES OF EFFLUENTS
The effluents from shrimp
aquaculture are typically
enriched in suspended solids;
nutrients such as ammonia,
nitrate and nitrite; chlorophyll a
and biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD).

The trend is to increase nutrient retention and reduce hypernutrification and eutrophication
losses as feed quality is improved, such that most N is
excreted in the dissolved form (mainly as ammonia) and
most P as particulate (Piedrahita 2003).
 USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
USE OF WATER RESOURCES
Frequent exchange and replacement of water is one of the most common solutions used to remove the
excessive nitrogen. However, this approach has restrictions. There are environmental regulations that
limit the release of nutrient-rich water in the environment, including the concern of introducing
pathogens; and pumping vast amounts of water may translate into a high expense

In the case of water-based production systems, as most

Mediterranean fish and shellfish farms (i.e. cages, rafts
and long-lines), they are sited sensitively and offer little
threat in what concerns to the loss of important wildlife
habitat
 USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
PRESENCE OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
Antibiticos

Besides nutrient loadings, another environmental impact is the

chemical input of prescribed compounds (pesticides and drugs), Floculantes

Desinfectantes

As in all animal food production systems, it is necessary to treat farmed fish for
diseases and parasites; although management practices have evolved and fish
husbandry has greatly improved over the past years resulting in a reduction in the use
of some chemicals, particularly the use of antibiotics in most jurisdictions
 INTEGRADES MULTIROPHIC ACUACULTURE
AND TROPHIC LEVELS IN ACUACULTURE
Polychaetes
The use of filter-feeding organisms as nutrient (inorganic
and organic) extractors has proven to be a valid
alternative for nutrient bioremediation.

Seaweeds Invertebrates

Bivalves
GRACIAS