REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

BEATO, Christian Jade

COLLAO, Louise Ann
MOSTOLES, Glenn
REYES, Christian Josh

Engr. Alfredo G. Hicaro

- Professor -
Refrigeration System
Age of Natural
Refrigeration

Age of Mechanical Refrigeration

Age of Natural Refrigeration
Evaporative Cooling

Use of Natural Ice

Cooling by Salt Solutions

Age of Artificial Refrigeration
William Cullen gave the first documented public demonstration of
artificial refrigeration in 1756.

Oliver Evans, considered as the Grandfather of Refrigeration,

designed, but never built, a refrigeration system based on the vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle.
Age of Artificial Refrigeration
In 1820, Michael Faraday developed an ammonia and other gases
that can be liquefied by using high pressures and low temperatures.

Rumford and Davy provided the theoretical background for

mechanical refrigeration together with Kelvin, Joule, and Rankine
who were continuing the work begun by Sadi Carnot in formulating
the Science of Thermodynamics.

Jacobs Perkins, in 1834, used Evans design

as basis to construct the first working
vapor-compression refrigeration system.
Thus, earning him the title of Father of
the Refrigerator.
Age of Artificial Refrigeration

John Gorrie designed the first system for refrigerating

water to produce ice and also conceived the idea of
using this system to cool the air. This earned him the title
of Father of Air Conditioning and Mechanical
Refrigeration.

In 1860, Ferdinand P. Edmond Carre,

invented the first gas-absorption refrigeration
system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in
water.
Age of Artificial Refrigeration

Carl von Linde, in response to the demands of

lager brewers, invented a portable compressor
refrigeration machine using methyl ether in 1873,
which led to the development of the ammonia-
compression machine in 1876.

In 1866, Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe or also known as

Professor T. S. C. Lowe, developed a refrigerating equipment that
uses carbon dioxide.
Age of Artificial Refrigeration
Refrigeration Systems
Refrigeration Systems
extracts heat from a lower-temperature heat source, substance, or
cooling medium and, with an external work, transfers it to a higher-
temperature heat sink.
based on the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics which states that heat
does not flow from a low temperature body to a high temperature
body without the help of an external work.
A machine operating under this principle is called a Refrigerator.
Divided into two categories; the Basic Refrigeration System and
Advanced Refrigeration System.

The Refrigeration Systems works primarily because of the use of a

substance called Refrigerant.
Refrigerant
primary working fluid used for absorbing and transmitting heat in a
refrigeration system which undergo phase changes.

Classification
Halocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Inorganic Compounds
Azeotropic Mixtures
Non-Azeotropic Mixtures
Basic Refrigeration
Systems
Vapor-
Compression
Refrigeration
System
Components
Compressor
considered as the Heart of the Refrigeration System.
increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.

Condenser
removes heat from the refrigerant, coming from
the compressor, and turns it into liquid.

Expansion Valve
reduces the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant, from the
condenser, and also controls the flow rate of the system.

Evaporator
Absorbs the heat of the substance in the system as
the refrigerant flows through it. At the end of its coils,
the refrigerant will turn to vapor.
Working
Principle
Application
Domestic and Commercial Refrigeration
Food Processing and Cold Storage
Industrial Refrigeration
Transportation Refrigeration
Electronic Cooling
 Vapor-Absorption
Refrigeration System
Components
Generator
separates the refrigerant-absorbent mixture into
high-pressure refrigerant vapor and weak absorbent
solution by means of an external heat source.
Condenser
while being cooled by water, it condenses the
refrigerant vapor from the generator and converts
it into liquid.
Expansion Valve
expands the refrigerant liquid coming from
the condenser and lower its pressure and temperature.

Evaporator
absorbs the heat from the materials to be cooled
and turns the refrigerant liquid into vapor.

Absorber
acts as a vessel where the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and the
excess weak refrigerant-absorbent from the generator are received.
Working Principle
Application
Food Industry and Cold Storage
Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Cogeneration Units in combination with production of Heat and Cold
Leisure Sector
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
VCRS VARS
 Air-Standard
Refrigeration System
Air-Standard Refrigeration System

Components
Compressor
Energy Output Heat Exchanger
Expander
Energy Input Heat Exchanger
Advanced Refrigeration Systems
Multi-Stage Refrigeration System
In this system, ultra-low temperatures can be achieved by two or
more compressors connected in series in the same refrigeration system.
Liquefaction of Gases
Being one application of Cryogenics Engineering, this is the process
of refrigerating a gas to a temperature below its critical temperature so
that liquid can be formed at suitable pressure.
Steam Jet Refrigeration System
As one of the oldest method of refrigeration, this system uses water
as a refrigerant which uses steam ejectors to compress the refrigerant to
the required pressure level.
Thermoelectric Refrigeration System
This type of system, based on the Peltier Effect, is used to move
heat from one area to another by the use of electrical energy rather than
a refrigerant.
Thermo-Acoustic Refrigeration System
Considered as a developing technology, this system utilizes high-
density sound waves to transfer heat due to the thermos-acoustic effect
without the use of a refrigerant, but rather an acoustically driven gas.
Metal Hydride Refrigeration Systems
This system uses hydrogen absorbing alloys for cold storage at low
temperatures, below -30 degrees centigrade, which can be made as
compact in size as a conventional vapor compression refrigeration
system.
Solar Refrigeration System
In recent years, Solar Refrigerators have been popular because it is
direct and easy to use, renewable, and continuous, maintains the same
quality, is safe and free, and is environmentally friendly. It runs on
energy directly provided by sun, and may include photovoltaic or solar
thermal energy.
Magnetic Refrigeration
This system is an environment-friendly cooling technology based on
the magneto-caloric effect. This technique can be used to attain
extremely low temperatures as well as the ranges used in common
refrigerators, depending on the design of the system.
Supermarket Refrigeration
Direct Expansion System
In this system, the compressors are mounted together and share
suction and discharge refrigeration lines that run throughout the store,
feeding refrigerant to the cases and coolers. The compressors are located
in a separate machine room.

Distributed System
This system uses multiple smaller rooftop units that connect to cases
and coolers, using considerably less piping. The compressors in a
distributed system are located near the display cases they serve.

Secondary Loop System

It uses a much smaller refrigerant charge and hence have significantly
decreased total refrigerant emissions. In this system, two liquids are used. The
first is a cold fluid to remove heat from the display equipment and the second
is a refrigerant used to cool the cold fluid that travels around the equipment.
Vortex Tube Refrigeration System
This system, also known as the Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube, is a
mechanical device that separates a compressed gas into hot and cold
streams.
Maintenance
Troubleshooting
References