ERITROSIT

DEFINISI

Salah satu elemen yang ditemukan dalam darah tepi. Pada manusia, bentuk
matur normal adalah cakram bikonkaf yang tidak berinti dan sesuai untuk
mengangkut oksigen berkat konfigurasi serta kandungan hemoglobinnya.
(Kamus Kedokteran Dorlan Edisi 31)
MORFOLOGI DAN KARAKTERISTIK

Biconcave disc
Mean diameter 8 m
Thickness 2 m
Volume 90 fL
Lacks a nucleus or mitochondria
Intracellular energy requirements are largely supplied by glucose
metabolism (to maintain hemoglobin in a soluble, reduced state,
providing 2,3-DPG, and generating ATP to support membrane
function)
Limited lifespan of 100 120 days
 DINDING

The shape, pliability, and resiliency of the RBC are largely

determined by its membrane
The erythrocyte membrane consists of two domains, a lipid
bilayer and the cytoskeleton
The lipid domain is composed of nearly equal parts of lipid and
protein. The main lipids are cholesterol and phospholipids
The cytoskeleton consists of several proteins that form a
filamentous network under the lipid bilayer
Cytoskeletal proteins interact with integral proteins and lipids of
the bilayer to maintain membrane integrity
Cytoskeleton has an important role in erythrocyte shape,
flexibility, and lipid organization
 PEMBENTUKAN ERITROSIT
(ERITROPOIESIS)

The rate of new red blood cell production varies according to the rate of red blood cell
destruction and tissue oxygen requirements
Changes in the oxygen delivery to tissue are sensed by peritubular interstitial, fibroblast-
like cells in the kidney
A decrease in the oxygen content of hemoglobin (pulmonary dysfunction), the
hemoglobin level (anemia), or the hemoglobin affinity of oxygen will stimulate an
increased production of erythropoietin by renal interstitial cells
Erythropoietin then travels to the marrow where it binds to a specific receptor (EPOR)
on the surface of committed erythroid precursors
Within hours there is a detectable increase in DNA synthesis. This is followed by
proliferation and maturation of committed stem cells to produce an increased number of
new RBC
METABOLISME

Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway (anaerobic)

Responsible for the generation of the ATP necessary for
membrane function and the maintenance of cell shape and
pliability
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
Uses the pyridine nucleotide-NADH generated from
anaerobic glycolysis to maintain heme iron in its ferrous state
Phosphogluconate Pathway
GSH protects the cell membrane and any other protein in a
human erythrocyte from oxidative stress
Luebering-Rapaport Pathway
Synthesizes 2,3-BPG from 1,2-BPG to decrease the oxygen
affinity of hemoglobin and deliver oxygen to tissues.
 HEMOGLOBIN

The red blood cell is a container for hemoglobin (a protein made up of 4

polypeptide chain, each containing an active heme group)
Each heme group is capable of binding to an oxygen molecule
The four heme groups in hemoglobin molecule consist of C H O porphyrin
ring with an iron atom in the center
About 70% of the iron in the body is found in the heme groups of hemoglobin
 SIKLUS

Iron ingested from the diet. Most dietary iron comes from red meat, beans, and spinach
Iron is absorbed in the small intestine by active transport
A carrier protein called transferrin binds iron and transport it in the blood
The bone marrow takes up iron and uses it to make the heme group of hemoglobin for developing red
blood cells
RBCs live about 120 days in the blood
Older erythrocytes may rupture as they try to squeeze through narrow capillaries or they may be engulfed
by macrophages as they pass through the spleen. Components of the destroyed cells are recycled. Amino
acids from the globin incorporated into new protein, and some iron from the heme group are reused to
make new heme group
 SIKLUS

The spleen converts remnants of the heme groups to a colored pigment called
bilirubin. Bilirubin is carried by plasma albumin to the liver, where it is
metabolized and incorporated into a secretion called bile. Bile is secreted into
the digestive tract and the bilirubin metabolites leave the body in the feces
Small amounts of other bilirubin metabolites are filtered from the blood in the
kidneys where they contribute to the yellow color of urine
 SUMBER

1. Hematology in Clinical Practice 5th Edition

2. Silverthorns Human Physiology Integrated Approach 7th Edition
3. J. E. Smith. Erythrocyte Membrane: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology