Sistematika Hewan

PENDAHULUAN
 The study of the kinds and diversity of
life on earth and of any and all
relationships between them
Modern systematics : zoology, botany,
genetics, paleontology, biogeography,
geology, ecology, and even chemistry,
and cellular and molecular biology
 Genetics
systematics

Zoology Botany

Biogeography
 Ernst Mayr: sytematics is a continuum study
(naming and describing of species to more
synthetic studies such as fitting of these
species into classifications that depict
evolutionary relationship, biogeography
analysis and the studies of population
biology and genetics and evolution and
speciation studies)
Stages: alpha, beta and gamma
 Alpha : naming and describing of species
(taxonomist)
Beta or gamma : evolutionary studies ,
biogeography analysis and the studies of
population biology and genetics and evolution
and speciation studies (systematist)
Monophyletic group: a group of species which
includes an immediate common ancestor and
all of its descendant
 Paraphyletic group: a group of species whose
members are all descendants of a common
ancestor, but that does not contain all species
descended from that ancestor
members have been place in a
different group.
Polyphyletic group: a group comprising of
species arose from two or more different
immediate ancestor.
Taxon W: Monophyletic group
Taxon X : Paraphyletic group
Taxon Y : Polyphyletic group
Taxon Z : Paraphyletic group
Character

The attribute or feature of organisms in

which biologists rely on indicate their
relatednes to other similar organisms
and to distinguish them from other group
Observable product of the genotype :
amino acid to phenotype
 Biochemical and molecular techniques:
DNA hybridization, starch gel
electrophoresis of protein and amino
acids and nucleotide sequencing of
genes
To be able being compared the character
should be homolog
Homology : character that share descent
from a common ancestor
 Homoplasy : character similarity that
misrepresent common descent

Forelimbs of five vertebrates show skeletal

homology
Classification
One of the principle task for systematist

Has two meanings :

Process of classifying: ordering and ranking
organisms in group
The product: classificatory scheme

Subject to refutation, refinement and

growth as new data available
Why Do We Classify Organisms?

Devils cat
Ghost cat
Mountain lion
Screaming cat
Puma
Florida Phanter
Cougar
 There are at least 50 common names
for the animal shown on the previous
7 slides.

Common names vary according to

region.

Scientific name Felis concolor

 To catalog the enormous number of
species of organisms on Earth
Serve for descriptive function and
detailed hypothesis evolutionary
relationship among organisms inhabit the
Earth
 Biologists group organisms to represent
similarities and proposed relationships.
comparative studies of morphology,
anatomy, embryology, physiology and
behaviour etc.
Comparative studies deal with:
1. Description of organism (similarities
and difference in characteristics)
2. Phylogenetics history of organism
through time
3. Distributional history of organisms in
space
Specimens are grouped into species, related
species are grouped into genus and so forth
 Taxon will arranged in hierarchie
It will reflect the pattern of evolutionary descent
Classification systems change with expanding
knowledge about new and well-known
organisms.
Biological nomenclature

1. Any single kind of organism has only

one name and one correct name
e.g.: Elephas maximus
2. No two kinds of organism bear the
same name
Binomial Nomenclature

Prior to mid 1700s: animals and plants

names consisted of one to several words
or simply a description phrase
Carolus Linnaeus (1758) established a
system of naming organisms (Systema
Naturae)now referred to as binomial
nomenclature : 4400 animal species
Species plantarum 8000 species
 Binomial Nomenclature : every organism have
two parts scientific name --binomen (latin or
latinized)
Binomen : generic name and specific epithet
(trivial name)
e.g. : Paradisea apoda
Paradisea = generic name
apoda = specific epithet
ICZN : binomial nomenclature change to
binominal nomenclature
 Basic principles for biological
nomenclature:
Botanical and zoological code are
independent to each other
A taxon can bear one and only one correct
name
No two genera within a given code can bear
the same name and no two species within
the same can bear the same name
 Scientific name are treated as Latin hence are
subject of Latin rules of grammar
The correct or valid name of a taxon is based on
priority publication
For the categories of superfamily in animals and
order in plants and for all categories below
these, taxon name must be based on type
specimen, type species or type genera
 Hierarchichal classification :
Kingdom
Phylum
Superclass
Class
Subclass
Cohort
Superorder
Order
Suborder
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Genus
Subgenus
Species
Subspecies
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Echinodermata
Class : Asteroida
Order : Forcipulatida
Family : Asteriidae
Genus : Pisaster
Species : Pisaster giganteus
capitalus (Stimpson,
1857)