Electrical Equipment

Protection
Topics
Basic theory
Protection Zones
Motor Protection
Emergency DG Protection
415V Feeder Protection
Transformer Protection
220KV system Protection
Generator Protection
Preventing Electrical Failures
Provision of adequate Insulation
Co-ordination of insulation strength with
Lightening arrestors
Use of overhead ground wires and lower
tower footing resistance, system Earthing
Design for mechanical strength to reduce
exposure from External agencies.
Proper operation and maintenance practices.
System

Minimize damage
Leave unaffected equipment in-service
Maintain equipment operating limits
Maintain electrical system stability
Requirements of a Protection
System
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Speed
Reliability
Some Terms
Over current
Earth fault
Over load
Inverse time
Reverse power
Field failure
Negative sequence
Impedance
Protection Zones
Simple Zone
Double Protection
Protection Scheme
Motor Protection
Motors up to 110 KW
The motors feeders have switch fuse unit
and contactor
Short circuit Protection (Fuse)
Thermal Overload Protection (Bimetallic
relay)
Bimetallic Relay
Fuse
Motors Above 110 KW
All the motors above 110KW are controlled
through breakers and are protected against
Thermal over load
Earth Fault Protection
Short circuit protection
Negative phase sequence protection
Starting time
Stall protection
Protection from Repeated starts
Sensitive earth fault protection
Under voltage protection
Mot Pro Relay
Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
Emergency DG Protection
The Emergency DG is 950KVA and is protected against-
Over Current
Earth Fault
Over voltage protection
Under voltage protection
Over frequency protection
Under frequency protection
Reverse Power
Over speed (AMF)
Start Failure (AMF)
High jacket water temperature (AMF)
Low LOP protection (AMF)
Battery voltage low (AMF)
415 V Feeder Protection

Over current Protection

Earth Fault protection
Down stream Breaker permissive to
close(Logic)
Down stream Breaker tripping (Logic)
CDG Relay
Transformer Protection
Distribution Transformer
a) 6.6 KV side
Over current Protection
Earth Fault Protection
b) 433V side
Over Current Protection
Earth Fault Protection
Line under voltage tripping
Under Voltage closing permissive both Bus and
Incoming side
Distribution Transformer
Upstream Breaker tripping Interlock
c) Transformer mounted
Buchcholtz Alarm/ Trip
Winding temperature Alarm/Trip
Oil Temperature Alarm/Trip
MOG alarm
Power Transformers
The Power transformers have the
following transformer mounted
protections-
Pressure relief device (0.49Kg)
Buchcholz Alarm/Trip
Oil surge relay
Winding temperature trip
Oil Temperature trip
Transformer Characteristics
High magnetizing inrush currents
Ratio mismatch with CT s aggravated
by
tap-changers
Phase shifts
Transformers are affected by over-
fluxing
Differential Protection
Typical Transformer
Protections
Station Transformer
a) 220KV side
Differential Protection (KBCH, 100/1)
Restricted Earth Fault (KBCH, 100/1)
Over current (KCGG, 50/1)
Earth Fault (KCGG, 50/1)
b) 6.9KV side
Over current ( CDG, 1250/1)
Earth Fault Residual (CDG, 1250/1)
Restricted Earth Fault (CAG , 1250/1)
Standby Earth Fault (CAG , 500/1)
Unit Auxiliary Transformer
a) 15KV side
Differential Protection (DTH 31, 750/1)
Over current (CDG, 750/1)
Earth Fault (CDG, Residual)
Unit Auxiliary Transformer
b) 6.6KV side
Over Current (CDG, 1500/1)
Earth Fault (CDG, Residual)
Restricted Earth Fault (CAG, 1500/1)
Standby Earth Fault (CAG, 500/1)
Generator Transformer
Block Differential (KBCH, 500/1,
8000/1, 750/1)
Restricted Earth Fault (KBCH, 500/1)
Over current Protection (KCGG, 500/1)
Earth Fault Protection (KCGG,500/1)
220KV Breaker
The 220KV Breakers have the following
protections
a) SF6 gas pressure alarm(6.2 Bar)/ Lockout
(6.0Bar)
b) Pole discrepancy (VTT- 0.5 sec)
Each breaker is provided with LBB relay
(Breaker failure) which initiates bus clear
through bus bar protection incase its own
failure to operate
Breaker Failure

Minimizes the amount of equipment

removed from service in event of a
failure
Failure Determination
1. Not started opening in a certain time
2.Not open in a certain time
3.Current not broken in a certain time
220KV Line Protection
Line Protection
Line length is 0.36Km
Distance protection (EPAC, 750/1)
Permissive over reaching inter tripping
scheme +Power swing blocking+ Fuse Failure
+SOTF
Unit Protection (MBCH, 750/1, 800/1)
Open jumper protection
Under current +Negative Sequence
Auto re closure scheme
EPAC
EPAC Functions
Zone Characteristics
Permissive Over Reach
Scheme
Power Swing Blocking
Fuse Failure Logic
SOTF
MBCH
220KV Bus coupler
Over Current (KCGG, 1000/1)
Earth Fault (KCGG, Residual)
220KV Transfer Bus Coupler
Based on the selection the breaker has
the protection.
220KV Bus Bar Protection
Bus Bar Protection can be classified as
a) High Impedance
b) Low Impedance
The protection at LKPP is High Impedance
(2500/1, PBDCB)
Disturbance Recorder
Disturbance recorder is provided for each Line
and during disturbance records-
a) Voltages RN,YN,BN and open delta
b) Currents R,Y,B and Neutral current
c) Protection Status
d) Breaker Status
During disturbance it displays pre trigger as well
as post trigger information. The information
is sampled at 80 samples /Cycle
Generator Protections
Generator Protections
1) LGPG
Differential Protection
Stator Over current 51V
Stator Under Voltage
Stator Over Voltage
Negative Ph sequence 2nd step
Stator Earth Fault ( 95%)
Loss of synchronism
Reverse Power Fault
Generator Protections

LGPG relay (Contd.)

Under Frequency
Over Frequency
Voltage Unbalance
LGPG Watch dog
Generator Protections

2) KBCH relay
Generator Transformer
Differential Fault
GT Restricted Earth Fault
Over Fluxing
KBCH protect watch dog
fault
Generator Protections

3) Rotor Earth Fault (TOG)

4) Stator 100% Earth Fault (PVMM163)
5) Under Impedance (TZ)
6) Loss of Excitation (TZG)
7) Excitation over current 2nd step (TUG)
8) Excitation transformer homo polar (TVH)
Generator Protections
9) Excitation System faults
Excitation Rot diodes Fault
Diodes failure sensing relay
Rectifiers Fuse Fault
Numerical regulator fault
Field flashing too long
(After the field Breaker closed if the voltage
does not build up to 7.5KV in 5.0 sec the
alarm Field flashing too long will appear.)
Generator Protections

10) DC System
Control / Monitoring 125V DC Fault
Line Breaker 125V DC Fault
11) Line Breaker tripping too long (KCGG)
(The tripping is derived from the KCGG relay
a) Normally the over current function with
time delay is in service
b) During protection operation if the breaker
has not tripped for 0.8 sec
AND Current sensed by KCGG is beyond 40
Amps)
Generator Protections

12) Inter- Trips

Unit Transformer grouped fault
Generator Transformer Grouped Fault
Bus Bar protection
Unit Transformer 6.6KV side REF
Generator Protections
13) Scheme Trips-
Line Breaker Closed AND Field Breaker
opened
Protection measuring circuits fault
Line Breaker closed and Turbine Fault
Generator Protections
The above contact is initiated when Generator breaker
is closed and L52GT contact is initiated
L52GT is initiated
a) Speed is less than 95%
b) Droop speed set point at minimum limit
AND
Normal shutdown command exist
c) Generator temperature very high or fault AND
Generator Breaker closed
d) Reverse Power
Generator Protections
14) Temperature Protections
Excitation Transformer 2nd step heating
Neutral grounding transformer 2nd Step
heating
Generator over heating ( Alarm-140 deg C
Trip- 150 deg C)
PVMM 163
100% Earth Fault Protection
Requirement-
Single phase to ground fault close to
the Generator neutral end winding will
remain un detected by 95% Earth fault
Principle-
The relay works on the principle of third
harmonic detection
Rotor Earth Fault Relay
Requirement-
A single insulation fault between the field
system and the frame is not dangerous but
must be detected as a 2nd Fault will have a
serious failure.
Principle-
It injects a low frequency voltage to the
rotating field.
Alarm- 3Kohms, 5 sec Trip- 2Kohms, 5 sec
Excitation Over Current
Relay(TUG)
Requirement-
To detect a Generator Excitation Current Limiter
Fault and/or network short-circuit protection
faults.
Input- Shunt 150A/0.1V provided in the field
circuit.
Setting- Stage-1 80%, 6.4 sec (Alarm, AVR
change to manual)
Sage-2 80%, 8 sec (Trip)
Homo polar Relay
Requirement-
To detect exc. transformer secondary
voltage unbalance.
Input- 2x 100V connected Yz1
Setting-
VH-12 volts, 0.8Sec
Under Impedance
Requirement-
Its a backup protection for short circuit
protection
Principle-
The relay checks the impedance and if
the impedance falls below the setting
the relay operates
Setting- Z= 35 ohms, t= 1.6 sec
Over Flux (KBCH)
Requirement- To detect Generator
/Generator Transformer over fluxing
which could cause abnormal
temperature rise in the core
Setting-
Trip-1 V/F>= 2.2, t V/F>=20 sec
Trip-2 v/f >>=2.4,t V/F>>= 1 sec
Generator Differential
Requirement-
a) Protect against failure of stator
winding insulation
b) Protect against winding phase to
phase fault
Setting- IS1= 0.05A, K1= 0%
IS2= 1.2A, K2 =10%
Differential function
characteristic
Voltage Restrained Over
Current
Requirement-
a) Provides, backup protection for un
cleared faults
b) For time graded over current for down
stream feeders
Setting- Char=Inverse,I>- 0.9In,TMS- 0.1
VS1- 100V,VS2- 30V,K- 0.3
Voltage Restrained Over
Current Characteristic
Voltage Balance
Requirement- To detect VT fuse failure or
voltage difference above fixed threshold
Setting- Vs= 15Volts
Negative Phase Sequence
Requirement-
Protects the rotor of a Generator from the
damaging effects of Negative phase sequence
currents
Provides true negative phase sequence
thermal protection and a definite time alarm
Setting- Alarm= 0.05 In, t=5 sec
Trip- I2>>= 0.06 In,K= 8S,K reset= 5S
T mini= 2S, T maxi= 1250S
NPS Characteristic
Field Failure Protection
Requirement-
To detect Generator asynchronous operation
due to loss of excitation.
Principle-
Monitors Generator terminal Impedance if the
impedance falls within the characteristic the
relay operates.
Setting- X a-10.5 ohm, X b-150 ohm
t-1.6S
Field Failure Characteristic
Low Forward Power
Requirement-
For normal Shutdown( To prevent over
speeding)
Principle-
The relay measures power
Setting-
P<=0.2W(0.72MW app. primary),t=0.5S
LFP in STG
In Steam Turbine LFP is inhibited for 10
sec after Breaker closure, subsequently
the inhibition is removed. If Generator
is not loaded beyond LFP set point the
machine will trip on LFP.
LFP Characteristic
Reverse Power
Requirement-
To prevent Generator motoring

Setting-
-P>=-1.95W (7.02MW app
Primary),T=2.5S
Motoring Power for Various
Prime Movers
Reverse Power Characteristics
Over Voltage Protection
Requirement-
To detect Stator Winding Over Voltage
because of AVR fault or Generator no load
connected to Long lines
Setting-
U>= 123V, t>= 3.2S
Under Voltage Protection
Requirement-
To protect the auxiliaries fed from 15kV
network against under Voltage in the
event of a Short Circuit.
Setting- U< = 72V, T= 2.8S
Over Frequency
Requirement-
To protect Generator against Over
Frequency operation and avoid
mechanical damage
Setting- F>= 52Hz,T= 3.2S
Under Frequency
Requirement-To Protect the Generator
against Under Frequency operation and
avoid excessive Temperature rise as
well as additional Iron Loss

Setting- F<<= 47.5Hz, T=2S

95% Earth Fault Protection
Requirement- To detect a Stator winding
Earth Fault

Setting- I>= 0.09 In, T= 0.2S