MANUFACTURING OF

PHARMCEUTICALS
DR. OJEWUMI M.E
 The earliest form of medicinal plants and minerals are
those of the ancient Chinese, Hindu and Mediterranen
civilisations.

Pharmaceutical practice improved in the early 16th and

17th Centuries, with the first pharmacopoeia (list of
drugs and medicinal chemicals with directions for
use) appearing in 1546.
INTRODUCTION TO MANUFAACTURING OF
PHARMACEUTICALS
The modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 9th
century with the discovery of highly active medicinal
compounds, which were then manufactured on large
scale, replacing the herbal medicines of earlier times.

The pharmaceutical industry includes the manufacture,

extraction, processing, purification, and packaging of
chemical materials to be used as medications for humans
or animals.
ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
There are two processes involved:
Primary process: It is the extraction and production of the
active ingredient from its sources. Examples are organic
synthesis, biological processing, extraction of animal and
vegetable substances and inorganic chemical preparation.

Secondary process: the conversion of the active

ingredient into products suitable for administration.
MAIN PHARMACEUTICAL GROUPS
MANUFACTURED
Proprietary Ethical Products; these are drugs that are
prescribed only with written instructions from the doctor

General Ethical Products; these are basically standard

prescriptions. They re made to a recognized formula that
are specified in standard industry reference books.

Over The Counter (OTC) or non-prescription products;

they are drugs sold without prescriptions. They are drugs
selected by regulatory agency with ingrediets that are safe
and effective when used.
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
The drugs come in the form of:
Tablets or powder
Capsule
Liquids
Creams
Aerosols
Injectables
 PRIMARY PROCESSES
Primary processes includes Chemical Synthesis, Fermentation and
Extraction.
Organic chemical synthesis reaction usually
involves the weighing and mixing of raw materials
CHEMICAL
SYNTHESIS and transference into batch reactors

The utilization of the growth of micro-organisms

under controlled process. It can either be aerobic
FERMENTATION or anaerobic

This is done by extraction from natural and

biological sources such as plants, animal glands
EXTRACTION and parasitic fungi.
 SECONDARY PROCESSES
-
SIEVING AND MIXING AND
WEIGHING
MILLING BLENDING

GRANULATION

FILLING AND TABLET TABLET

DRYING
PACKING COATING PRESSING