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Fire Protection

Hydraulic Calculations
(Wet and Dry Systems)
BSSI 1001

John Willden, P.Eng.


Hydraulic Equations

Q AOP Density for first sprinkler flow

where:
Q = USGPM
AOP = Area of Sprinkler operations
1500 3000 ft2 for light hazard
Density = USGPM/ft2
or water/square foot
Hydraulic Equations
2
Q
p for first sprinkler pressure
K
where:
Q = USGPM QK p
K=sprinkler factor
p=pressure in psig
Hydraulic Equations

Pf FQ1.85 PF Pf L

where:
Pf = pressure drop per foot (psig/ft)
Q = USGPM pipe flow
F = friction factor from table
PF = total pressure loss
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q= Q= Q= Q=
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P= P= P= P= P=
Q=

Ordinary Hazard group 1 we


16 ft get 0.15 USGPM/ft2
If each sprinkler is covering
130 ft2 we have:
P=
Q=
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q= Q= Q= Q=
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P= P= P= P= P=
Q=

16 ft
Q = Area x Density = 130 ft2 x
0.15 USGPM = 19.5 USGPM
P=
Q=
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q= Q= Q= Q = 19.5
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P= P= P= P= P=
Q=

p = (Q/K)2
16 ft
= (19.5/5.65)2
P=
Q=
= 11.91 psig
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q= Q= Q= Q = 19.5
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P= P= P= P= P =11.91
Q=

pf = FC120 x Q1.85
16 ft
= 5.10 x 10-4 x 19.51.85
= 0.124 psig/ft
P=
Q=
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q4 = Q3 = Q2 = Q1 = 19.5
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P5 = P4 = P3 = P2 = P1 =11.91
Q5 =

Pf = p f x L
16 ft
= 0.124 x 10 ft
P=
Q= = 1.24 psig
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q4 = Q3 = Q2 = Q1 = 19.5
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P5 = P4 = P3 = P2 = P1 =11.91
Q5 =

P2 = Pf + P1
16 ft

= 1.24 + 11.91
= 13.15 psig
P=
Q=
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q4 = Q3 = Q2 = Q1 = 19.5
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P5 = P4 = P3 = P2 =13.15 P1 =11.91
Q5 =

Q2 = K P2 + Q1
16 ft
= 5.65 13.15 + 19.5
P= = 20.49 + 19.5
Q=

= 39.99 USGPM
Hydraulic Example
10 ft 10 ft 10 ft 10 ft

Q4 = Q3 = Q2 =39.99 Q1 = 19.5
1 in 1 in 1 in 1 in
P5 = P4 = P3 = P2 =13.15 P1 =11.91
Q5 =

Now you try the next


sprinkler
16 ft

P=
Q=
wet systems are always full of water
they sprinkle when a head opens

TO SPRINKLERS

CHECK VALVE

ALARM VALVE
(SPRINKLER VALVE)

INDICATING VALVE

SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)

FROM SERVICE MAIN


Details of Wet System

1997, The
Viking
Corporation
dry systems are full of compressed air
they bleed off the air and sprinkle when a head
opens
TO SPRINKLERS

ALARM VALVE
(DRY SPRINKLER VALVE)

FIRE DEPARTMENT
CHECK VALVE

INDICATING VALVE

CHECK VALVE

SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)

FROM SERVICE MAIN


Dry Pipe System

1997, The
Viking
Corporation
preaction systems are full of compressed air
until a fire is detected
then they fill with water to get ready
TO SPRINKLERS

CHECK VALVES

ALARM VALVE
(PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)

INDICATING VALVE

SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)

CHECK VALVE

FROM SERVICE MAIN


deluge systems are empty and the sprinkler
heads are open
they all come on at once when a fire is detected
TO SPRINKLERS

CHECK VALVE

ALARM VALVE
(PREACTION SPRINKLER VALVE)

INDICATING VALVE

SIAMESE CONNECTION
(FIRE DEPARTMENT
CONNECTION)
CHECK VALVE

FROM SERVICE MAIN


Sprinkler Heads
three major types
of sprinkler heads
upright
pendant
sidewall
dry type

http://www.vikingcorp.com/databook/sprinklers/
Sprinkler Arrangements
Tree systems
Only one path to
each sprinkler
head

Grid systems
At least two
paths to each
sprinkler head
Sprinkler Arrangements contd

Loop systems
There are two paths to
each sprinkler head but
the system can also be
used to circulate heating
or cooling water

upright

pendant
Typical Alarm Valve
Parts of Alarm Valve
Fire Protection Symbols
pendent head hangs down
upright head stands up
sidewall head sticks out sideways
upright (elevation view)
pendent (elevation view)
siamese connection fire department
check valve
Fire Protection Symbols
ALARM VALVE (wet)
ALARM VALVE (dry)
ALARM VALVE (preaction)
ALARM VALVE (deluge)
FC flushing connection (flanged)
FC flushing connection (cap)
open stem and yoke valve (OS & Y)

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