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Contents of the lecture
Water
Earths water supply & distribution
Hydrologic cycle
Pollution of water
Sources of water pollution
Types of water pollution
Types of water pollutants
Acid rain
Water borne diseases
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Water is essential to life on earth.
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Three forms of Water.
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Water Resources
Sea water
surface water
Ground water
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Sea water
Seawater or salt water is water from a sea or ocean. On average,
seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L).
This means that every kilogram (roughly one litre by volume) of
seawater has approximately 35 grams of dissolved salts. Average
density at the surface is 1.025 g/ml.
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Surface Water
Water naturally open to the atmosphere; water from lakes, ponds,
reservoirs, rivers, streams, etc.
Although the only natural input to any surface water system is
precipitation. The total quantity of water in that system is also
dependent on factors like storage capacity in lakes, the permeability of
the soil beneath, the runoff characteristics of the land in the nearby
land, the timing of precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of
these factors also affect the proportions of water loss.
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Ground water
Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth's surface
in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A body of
permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater is called
aquifer.
The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock
become completely saturated with water is called the water table.
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The earth's water supply
Soil moisture
Atmospheric water vapor
Lakes, streams and rivers
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Interesting Fact!
More than half of the world's water supply is contained
in just nine countries:
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Water consumption
We use water for drinking,
irrigation, industrial purposes
and energy production. Water
use
agriculture and energy
production - 80%
industry and public use - 20%
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Hydrologic cycle - water cycle
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Pollution of water
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Water Pollution
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Where do Water pollutants come from?
Point Sources A single definable source of the pollution,
e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc. Point-source pollution is
usually monitored and regulated.
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Types of water pollutants
Pathogens
Organic pollutants
Inorganic pollutants
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Pathogens
Disease-causing microorganisms are referred to as pathogens. Coliform
bacteria are a commonly used bacterial indicator of water pollution.
Other microorganisms sometimes found in surface waters which have
caused human health problems include:
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Inorganic pollutant
Acidity caused by industrial discharges
Ammonia from food processing waste
Industrial by-products
Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and phosphateswhich are found in
storm water runoff from agriculture
Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites and logging
Heavy metals
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Non-persistent (degradable) water pollutants
These compounds can be broken down by chemical
reactions or by natural bacteria into simple substances such
as carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
If the pollution load is high, this process can lead to low
oxygen levels.
E.g. paper, leaves, leather, cardboard, some plastics,
clothes.
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Persistent (Non-degradable) water pollutants
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Pollution of Water
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Pollution of Water
2. Groundwater pollution
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Pollution of Water
3. Microbiological pollution
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Pollution of Water
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Pollution of Water
5. Nutrients pollution
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Pollution of Water
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Pollution of Water
7. Chemical pollution
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Pollution of Water
8. Thermal pollution
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Acid rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is
unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels
of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on
plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is
caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide,
which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to
produce acids. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced
naturally by lightning strikes and sulfur dioxide is
produced by volcanic eruptions. The chemicals in acid rain
can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such
as bridges, and erosion of stone statues.
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Chemical reactions
In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the
hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction
SO2 + OH HOSO2
which is followed by:
HOSO2 + O2 HO2 + SO3
In the presence of water, sulfur trioxide (SO3) is converted rapidly to
sulfuric acid:
SO3 (g) + H2O (l) H2SO4 (aq)
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Acid deposition
Wet deposition
Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow,
and so on.) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the
Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in
the raindrops.
Dry deposition
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Consequence of Acid Rain
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Destroys stone work!
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Destroys forests!
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Effects plants!
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Harms aquatic life!
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Damage buildings!
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Water borne diseases
Diseases caused by the ingestion of water contaminated with
pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites include:
cholera
typhoid
Dysentery
Other diarrheal diseases
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How???
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1. Conserve water
Turn off the tap when water isn't necessary and try to take shorter
showers if possible. This not only helps prevent water shortages, but
reduces the amount of contaminated water that needs treatment.
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2. Don't throw litter into sinks
Paints, oils and other similar items should be disposed of
in the trash.
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3. Help clean up litter in water-filled areas
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4. Contain and compost yard waste.
Yard waste that sits around can easily wash into storm drains when it rains.
Even if the waste doesn't contain chemicals such as herbicides and pesticides,
the introduction of large quantities of sticks, leaves, and grass clippings can
overwhelm waterways with unhealthy quantities of nutrients.
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