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DESAK MADE WIHANDANI

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells


thenaturalhistorian.com
Biological Hierarchies
Biosphere
Species
Population
Organism
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Molecule
Adipose tissue
Skeletal muscle
Bone (skeleton)
Blood
Other tissue
Cellmass
Extracellular fluid (one-third)
Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Intracellularfluid (two-thirds)
Extracellular solids
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein

Water
Mineral (soft tissue & bone)
Vitamin
Roles of Protein:
Enzymes.
Assist in chemical reactions

Defense.
Immune system

Structural roles:
Keratin
Muscles
Cytoskeleton

Chemical messengers.
Hormones
CENTRAL DOGMA
of Molecular Biology

Transcription Translation

Replication Reverse
Transcription
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Replication

protein
DNA mRNA
A
C
UA A G
CA

Transcription G Translation
A
C
G U
U
CA

Phenotype
BASE - SUGAR - PHOSPHATE
NUCLEOSIDE

NUCLEOTIDE
3

1
5' 5'

' ' 4' 1'


' ' 3' 2'
Adenine Guanin Cytosine Thymine
e
NH2 O NH2 O
N 6 N
N1 6 HN1 5 7 HN 3 4 CH3
5 7 N3 4
5 5
8 8
2 2 4 2 2
9 9 6 6
3 4 3 1 1
N H2N N N O O N
N N

Sugar Sugar Sugar Sugar


PURINE PYRIMIDINE
Purine and pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA.
dAMP dADP d ATP
NUCLEIC ACID

5TCA3'
3'ACT5'
2 Types of Nucleic Acid:
RNA & DNA
Differ in a few essential ways:
DNA
Double helix (nucleotide chain)
Nucleotide purine (adenine = A & guanine = G)
pyrimidine (cytosine = C & thymine =T)
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Complementer
A - T 2 hydrogen bonds
G - C 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA

Antiparalel
Contains genetic information
Template for

Replication
Transcription
Watson and Crick
On Feb. 28,
1953, Francis
Crick walked into
the Eagle pub in
Cambridge,
England, and, as
James Watson
later recalled,
announced that
"we had found the
secret of life."
"The structure was too pretty not
to be true."

-- JAMES D. WATSON, "The Double


Helix"
DNA -
the Code (1953)
for Life

1920-1958

Died from ovarian cancer


http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html
DNA double
helix
To fit within a living cell, the DNA double helix
must be extensively compacted into a 3-D
conformation
This is aided by DNA-binding proteins

32
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radial loops
(300 nm in diameter)

Metaphase
chromosome

30 nm fiber

Nucleosomes
(11 nm in diameter)

DNA
(2 nm in diameter)

Histone
protein
DNA wound
around histone
proteins

Each chromatid
(700 nm in diameter)

Figure 9.20 33
34
Properties of DNA
Denaturation & Renaturation of DNA

The DNA double helix can unwind to form


single strands when subjected to :

extremes of pH
increased temperature
decreased dielectric constant by alcohols, ketone,
etc.
exposure to amides or urea
Base pair (pasang basa) = bp
1 000 bp = 1 kb
RNA
Single chain (A, G, C & U)
Sugar: Ribose
3 RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
Involved in protein synthesis
Secondary structure

Tertiary structure
DNA is like a book where genetic information is stored.
Genetics is just figuring out how to read that book.

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