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Water
Mineral (soft tissue & bone)
Vitamin
Roles of Protein:
Enzymes.
Assist in chemical reactions
Defense.
Immune system
Structural roles:
Keratin
Muscles
Cytoskeleton
Chemical messengers.
Hormones
CENTRAL DOGMA
of Molecular Biology
Transcription Translation
Replication Reverse
Transcription
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Replication
protein
DNA mRNA
A
C
UA A G
CA
Transcription G Translation
A
C
G U
U
CA
Phenotype
BASE - SUGAR - PHOSPHATE
NUCLEOSIDE
NUCLEOTIDE
3
1
5' 5'
5TCA3'
3'ACT5'
2 Types of Nucleic Acid:
RNA & DNA
Differ in a few essential ways:
DNA
Double helix (nucleotide chain)
Nucleotide purine (adenine = A & guanine = G)
pyrimidine (cytosine = C & thymine =T)
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Complementer
A - T 2 hydrogen bonds
G - C 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA
Antiparalel
Contains genetic information
Template for
Replication
Transcription
Watson and Crick
On Feb. 28,
1953, Francis
Crick walked into
the Eagle pub in
Cambridge,
England, and, as
James Watson
later recalled,
announced that
"we had found the
secret of life."
"The structure was too pretty not
to be true."
1920-1958
32
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Radial loops
(300 nm in diameter)
Metaphase
chromosome
30 nm fiber
Nucleosomes
(11 nm in diameter)
DNA
(2 nm in diameter)
Histone
protein
DNA wound
around histone
proteins
Each chromatid
(700 nm in diameter)
Figure 9.20 33
34
Properties of DNA
Denaturation & Renaturation of DNA
extremes of pH
increased temperature
decreased dielectric constant by alcohols, ketone,
etc.
exposure to amides or urea
Base pair (pasang basa) = bp
1 000 bp = 1 kb
RNA
Single chain (A, G, C & U)
Sugar: Ribose
3 RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
Involved in protein synthesis
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
DNA is like a book where genetic information is stored.
Genetics is just figuring out how to read that book.