INTRODUCTION TO

FRAME & SUBFRAME

ANALYSIS FOR VERTICAL &
LATERAL LOAD
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

LEARNING OUTCOME :
By completing this chapter, students shall be able to:

1.0 classify braced and un-braced frame.

2.0 aware on the analysis of braced concrete framed

building for vertical load.

3.0 analyze un-braced concrete framed building for

wind load by cantilever method.
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Introduction to Frame Structure

Beam (300x600mm)

Building frames Slab 200mm, 250mm &

300mm thickness

often consist of
girders/beams that
are rigidly Varies column size
connected to (500x500mm,
750x750mm,

columns. 900x900mm)

Frames are
classified as
braced or un-
braced against
sidesway.

Figure 1: 3D Modeling of
multi-stories RC Building
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Un-braced frames
Sway frames/Sideways
uninhibited.
Framed need to be designed
to resist the lateral loads,
since there is no bracing
elements in the building.
Un-braced frame need to
carry both vertical &
lateral loads.

Figure b: Rigid Frame/ Un-braced Frame

 UNBRACED FRAMES
Vertical loading

Lateral/Horizontal
loading

Column
(vertical
element)

Beam
(horizontal
element)
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Braced Braced frames

Non-sway frames/Sideways
inhibited.
No lateral/horizontal loads (eg. wind
load) being transferred either to
columns or beams.
Diagonal bracing, shear-walls,
masonry infill walls, lift/elevator
shafts and staircases core provide
lateral stability to the structural
frame of the building.
Braced frame could take only
vertical loads.

Figure a: Braced Frame

showing different types of bracing
 BRACED FRAMES
Vertical load

Bracing type X

Column (vertical
element)

Beam (horizontal element)

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Infilled with brickworks, blockwork or

precast panels.
Its subjected to lateral load the infill
behaves as strut along its compression
diagonal to brace the frame.
Forces and stresses in the infill and frame.
Design procedure design of infill, design of
frame, horizontal deflection

Figure c: Infill Frame

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Shear wall structures are entirely

lateral load resistant and much stiffer
horizontally than rigid frame.
Restrict openings in walls.
Shear wall structure performs well in
earthquake because ductility is important
in design of shear wall.

Figure d: Shear Wall Structure

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Combination of shear walls and rigid frames.

Usually use in reinforced concrete structure,
however use of steel in bracing and rigid frames
offer advantage in horizontal interaction.

Figure e: Wall-frame Structure

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Lateral resistance provided by very

stiff moment resisting frames that form
tube around the perimeter of the
building.
Consists of very closely spaced
columns (2-4 m apart) joined by deep
spandrel girders.
Suitable in reinforced concrete or
steel construction with building from
40-100 stories high.
Repetitive frame pattern, grid like
faade relatively efficient, easy
construction.

Figure g: Frame - tube

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Figure d: Hearst Tower, New York City

Figure a: Empire State Figure b: Citicorp Building, Figure c: Mercantile Building, St Louis
Building New York City

Figure 4(a-d): Braced Frame Examples

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Lateral Stability in Frame Structure

Figure 5: Elements in Frame Structure Figure 6: Frame structure provides lateral stability
(Plan View)
A

1 2 3 4

column un-braced in both direction

A

SHEAR WALL
1 2 3 4

Column braced in y direction and unbraced in x-direction

A

SHEAR WALL
1 2 3 4

column braced in both direction

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Approximate Method of Frame Analysis

Figure 8b: Plane frame for analysis

Figure 8a: Actual 5-storeys Frame

Structure
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Approximate Method of Frame Analysis

A. Monolithic Braced Frames Not Providing Lateral Stability

(1) Simplification into sub-frame

The structural frame is divided into sub-frames consisting of

beams at one level and columns above and below that level with
ends taken as fixed (or pinned).

A B C D
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

A. Monolithic Braced Frames cont

(2) Simplification for individual beams & columns

The simplified sub-frame consists of the beam to be designed,

the columns attached to the ends of the beam and the beams
on either side if any.

The column and beam ends remote from the beam considered
are taken as fixed and the stiffness of the beams on either side
should be taken as half their actual size.

The moments for design for an individual column may be found

from the same sub-frame analysis provided that its central
beam is the longer of the two beams framing into the column.
:
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

A. Monolithic Braced Frames cont

(2) Simplification for individual beams & columns

K K/2
Beam A-B

Beam B-C
K/2 K K/2

Beam C-D
K/2 K

A B C D
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

A. Monolithic Braced Frames cont

(3) Continuous Beam Simplification

The beam at the floor considered may be taken as a continuous

beam over supports providing no restraint to rotation. This
gives more conservative design than the procedures previously.

(4)Asymmetrically-loaded Columns

This method is to be used where the beam has been analyzed.

The column moments can be calculated on the assumption:
- column and beam ends remote from the junction under
consideration are fixed.
- that the beams have half their actual stiffness.
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

A. Monolithic Braced Frames cont

(3) Continuous Beam Simplification & Asymmetrically-loaded

Columns

A B C D

K/2

K/2 K/2
A

B&C
K/2

D
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

A. Monolithic Braced Frames cont

Choice of Critical Loading Arrangement

It will normally be sufficient to consider the following arrangement of

vertical load:
(a) All span loaded with the maximum design ultimate load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk).

(a) Alternative spans loaded with the maximum design ultimate load (1.35Gk
+ 1.5Qk) and all other spans loaded with the minimum design ultimate load
(1.0Gk).
max max max
(a)
max min max

min max min (b)

3 cases of load arrangement in Frame analysis for vertical load

Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Approximate Method of Frame Analysis

B. Rigid Un-braced Frames Providing Lateral Stability

Where rigid frames provides

lateral stability, they must be
analyzed for horizontal & Gravity Load

vertical loads.

Wind Load
As an alternative to the
complete 3D frame structure
analysis, the Code gives the
following method for sway
frames of three or more
approximately equal bays.
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Approximate Method of Frame Analysis

B. Rigid Un-braced Frames -

The design is based on the more severe of the conditions:

1. elastic analysis or vertical loads only with maximum design load
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

2. or the sum of the moments obtained from:

(a) elastic analysis of subframes as define in section with all
the beams loaded with 1.2Gk + 1.2 Qk (Horizontal loads are
ignored).
(b) elastic analysis of the complete frame assuming points of
contra flexure at the centers of all beams and columns for wind
load 1.2Wk only.
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Un-braced Frame
Analysis by
Cantilever Method
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Lateral Loads on Building Frames:

Cantilever Method
Introduction
1. The cantilever method is based on the same action as long
cantilever beam subjected to a transverse load.
2. The lateral loads on frame tend to tip up the frame over, or
cause a rotation of the frame about neutral axis.
(Note: the neutral axis is in horizontal plane that passes through the
columns at each floor level.)
3. To counteract this tipping, the axial forces or stress in the
columns will be TENSILE on one side and COMPRESSIVE on
the other side of the neutral axis.
4. The cantilever method is therefore appropriate if the frame is
tall & slender, or has columns with different cross-sectional
area.
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Lateral Loads on Building Frames:

Cantilever Method
Z Assumption in Cantilever Method for
Fixed-Supported Frame

1. A hinge is placed at the center of each

girders & columns (zero moment).
Tensile

Compressive

cont
Z

Note: o hinge
(zero M)

cont
2. The axial stress in a column is
proportional to its distance from the
centroid of the cross-sectional areas of
Neutral axis
the columns at a given floor level.
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Lateral Loads on Building Frames:

Cantilever Method
Procedures in Frame Analysis by Cantilever Method:

1. hinge at the center of each girders & columns .

Place a
2. Determine the centroid of the columns cross sectional areas by :
_
_
x
x A
A
3. Analyze a section through the hinge at the top story. Determine
the axial force in each column. (Tips: the force is
proportional to its distance from the centroid of the columns cross-
sectional areas.)
4. Determine the remaining hinge forces (V&N).
5. Repeat step 3-4 for lower level of the frame.
6. Draw the bending moment diagram of the frame.
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Example 1:
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of
the frame shown in Figure below. The columns are assumed to have
equal cross-sectional areas. Use the cantilever method of analysis.
C F
30kN

4m
B E
15kN

4m
A D

6m
: Serviceability & Durability Requirements

Example 1 (cont)
(i). Placed hinge at the midpoint of columns and girders
& determine the centroid of the columns cross sectional areas.

C F
30kN
I

H K 4m
B E Centroid, x =3m

15kN
J

4m 6m
G L
A D
6m Plan View
_
_
x
x A 0( A) 6( A)
3m
A 2 A
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Example 1 (cont) C F
30kN
(ii). Analyze level at top storey. I
3m 3m
4m
H K
15kN B E
2m J
O
G L 4m
A D
3P = 10kN 3P = 10kN 6m
a. Determine P
10
+ M o 0 3P(3) 3P(3) 30(2) 0 P 3
b. Determine remaining hinge forces

15kN
Ix

10kN
Iy Kx
Hx

F y 0 I y 10kN
+ M I 0 10(3) 2H x 0 H x 15kN F x 0 K x 15kN

F x 0 I x 15kN
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis
Example 1 (cont)
30kN C F
(ii). Analyze level BE. I
3m 3m
4m
H K
15kN B E
4m J
G L 4m
A D
O 2m 6m

3P = 35kN 3P = 35kN
a. Determine P
35
+ M o 0 3P(3) 3P(3) 30(6) 15(2) 0 P 3
b. Determine remaining hinge forces

F 0 J 25kN
10kN
15kN y y
Jy
+ M 0 15(2) G (2) 25(3) 0
B x
Jx
Gx 22.5kN

Gx
F x 0 J x 7.5kN

35kN
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis
Example 1 (cont)
30kN C F
b. Determine remaining hinge forces (cont) I
10kN
4m
H K
15kN B
15kN E
25kN J
G L 4m

7.5kN A D
6m

Lx
F x 0 Lx 22.5kN
35kN
(iii). Analyze support level.
35kN 35kN

22.5kN 22.5kN

22.5kN 22.5kN
45kNm 45kNm
35kN 35kN
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis
Example 1 (cont)
(iv). Shear (kN) in Beams and Columns

10

15
15 4m

25

22.5 4m
22.5

6m
To calculate moment at:
Beam , M = F x beam span x 0.5
Column, M = H x storey height x 0.5
Examples:
Beam , M = 10KN x 6 m x 0.5 = 30KN
Column, M = 22.5KN x 4m x0.5 = 45KN
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis
Example 1 (cont)
(iv). BMD (kNm) in Building Frame that subjected to lateral load

30
10
30 30

30
15
15 4m
75
30 25
30
45 45

22.5 75
4m
22.5

45 45
6m
Continuous Beam Design & Detailing Frame analysis

Exercise 1
I J K L
10kN

4m
E F G H
20kN

4m
A B C D
4m 5m 4m
Area Column:
A=24(10-3)m2 A=16(10-3)m2 A=16(10-3)m2 A=24(10-3)m2

Problem:
Draw the moment diagram for girder IJKL of the building frame. Use the cantilever
method of analysis. Each column has the cross-sectional area indicated.
 EXERCISE 2
The concrete building frame shown in Figure below is subjected to an ultimate
uniformly distributed horizontal load of 20 kN/m. All columns have typical
dimensions, each of 250mm x 200mm. By using cantilever method, calculate the
bending moment in beam BC.

A B C D
3.5 m
E
F G H
20 kN/m 3.5 m
I
J K L
4.0 m

M N O P

3..2 m 4m 7..5 m