JIN MAO TOWER

SITI YAUMILIA SALSA

(13.036)
Overview
Architect: Adrian D. Smith,
SOM Architects
Location: Shanghai, China
Year(s) of Construction:
1994-1998
Site Area: 23,257 m2
Project Area: 287,000 m2
Number of Stories: 88
Building Height: 421 m
Market: Commercial+Office,
Hospitality, Mixed Use
Overview
Jin Mao tower, in the Pudong new area of
Shanghai is one of the highest skyscrapers.
Made of ornately formed stainless steel,
aluminum, and glass, the materials and
decoration fashion an fantastic experience.
The structure design also enabled the
engineers to hollow out that portion of the
central core to create the towers
centerpiece a 650-foot-high atrium,
tallest and highest in the world, extending
up from the 56th floor.
History
Completed in April 1999, The Jin Mao Building is China's tallest, the world's third tallest,
and the last Jumbo of the 20th Century. With an east-meets-west design signifying
Shanghai's emergence as a modern global city, Jin Mao follows the multi-use paradigm,
offering retail at its base, offices above, and the Grand Hyatt's World's Highest Hotel
occupying the upper 38 floors.
Commissioned in 1993 to serve as the project's architects and engineers, the Chicago
office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, led by partner Adrian Smith, confronted several
challenges in China's first supertall structure. The absence of municipal codes governing
high-rise construction necessitated the firm's close affiliation with many local agencies
and international consultants. This collaborative process is evident in the final product,
which combines western building standards with eastern aesthetics.
The Chinese lucky number eight figures prominently into the tower's composition. The
mind-bending mathematics of Jin Mao's stepped-back form is best explained by the firm:
_Each segment's height is reduced by one-eighth of the original base heiht and
continues until the segment height is eight levels. At this point the Hotel begins and
each segment reduces one-eighth of the 8-level segment until it reaches the 88th level._
Eights also appear in Jin Mao's advanced structural engineering system which fortifies
the building against the typhoon winds and earthquakes typical of the region. The
composite steel-and-concrete structure features eight mega columns of concrete and
eight of steel situated around the tower's concrete core.
Sufficient Identification Evidence
Reaching to the heavens, the towers
pinnacle extends to further intensify the
design while the glass reflects the gray
sunshine, adorning the tower with a sacred
atmosphere.
Description of main structural system
The Super-High-rise structure boasts
an entire vertical deflection of only
two centimeters, with its roof
shifting less than half a meter.
Stability is ensured with up to 108
miles per hour wind and can
withstand a level seven scale
earthquake. This resistance is
possible in part by the tough glass
skin of the outer walls.
Background

This building includes modern offices, a deluxe 5-star hotel - the Grand Hyatt
Shanghai, exhibition halls, banquet halls, an observation deck, and entertainment
facilities.
Background
The 51st and 52nd floors are the
mechanical and electrical
facilities center, which are
restricted for the tower's working
staff; the 53rd to 87th floors are
reserved for the deluxe Grand
Hyatt Hotel of which, the 86th
floor houses a club exclusive for
the hotel guests and the 87th
floor lodges the hotel restaurant;
and, the 88th floor-the highest
floor, is reserved for the tower's
observation deck, which can hold
1000 people at one time.
Background

The tower has the best elevators available. Two direct elevators operate at the speed of
9.1 meters (nearly 30 feet) per second that can send visitors from the ground floor to the
88th floor for only 45 seconds. There are also five to six elevators every 10 floors, which
reduce waiting-time to 35 seconds even during rush hours.
Location

Jin Mao Tower is located in the Lujiazui area, 88 Shi Ji (Century)

Boulevard, near the mouth of Metro East Yan'an Road in Pudong
New District, Shanghai, the PRC.
Awards
2014China Top 10 Modern Buildings AwardMinistry of Culture, China
2001World Architecture Award: Asia Category, FinalistWorld
Architecture
2001National Honor Award for Interior ArchitectureAIA
2001Interior Architecture Award: Honor AwardAIA - Chicago
Chapter
2001Divine Detail Award: Special RecognitionAIA - Chicago Chapter
1999Structural Special AwardInstitution of Structural Engineers
1998Best Structure AwardStructural Engineers Association of
Illinois
1995Excellence in EngineeringASHRAE - Illinois Chapter
 The Architect
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, founded in 1936, is one of the largest

and most influential architecture firms in the world.

Head architect Adrian D and head

engineer Stanton Korista, lead the
design process from 1993 until
completion in 1998. Over 30 architects
and engineers worked on the project.
 The Concept
With its postmodern form, it evokes the
architecture of the traditional Chinese
pagoda by creating a rhythmic pattern
growing in height. The proportion of the
building revolves around the number 8.
In Buddhism 8 is a lucky number,
associated with prosperity, economy,
gold and trade.
Building Layout
The basement of the
tower is parking area,
which can hold 800 cars
and 2000 bicycles.

The parking area is

equipped with 360-
degree surveillance
cameras as a security
feature of the building.
Building Layout
Pool
The pool on the floor 57 acts as
a passive switch
On the floor 57 is installed a
pool. The seriousness of the
charges is supported by the
eight cores of large steel
columns along the perimeter
Monitoring
A 340 meters above street level,
on the floor 88 is installed an
observatory occupying 1520
square meters, is the
observation deck largest and
highest of China.
Building Layout
Offices
The offices occupy the floors from
level 3 to 50 and have a total of
123,000 square meters.
The surfaces are clear, free of
columns and are accessed by 26
lifts that have an average wait of 35
seconds during peak hours.
They have 100 parking spaces in
plant and 800 in the underground
floors.
Plants 51 and 52 are occupied by
the center of mechanical and
electrical installations of the Jin
Mao Tower, which only has access
to specialist staff.
Building Layout
This is a section diagram of the function of each level.
There is a lobby, five different office zones, a double
height mechanical level and hotel.

The major tenant of the building is the five-star 555-room

Shanghai Grand Hyatt hotel which occupies floors 53 to 87.
The barrel-vaulted atrium starts at the 56th floor and
extends upwards to the 87th.
Function Analysis
Level 88 OBSERVATORY DECK

Level 53 level 87

HOTEL ZONE

Level 3 level 52

OFFICE ZONE

Level 1 level 2 LOBBY

UNDER GROUND PARKING
Vertical Transportation
The elevator system is very

complex.There are more than 130

elevators in Jin Mao Tower.

Office zones are serviced by 26

elevators in five zones.

A hotel express shuttle elevator bay

An observation deck served by 2

elevators, 10 service elevators,

7 sets of escalators for podium

10 elevators for the hotel
elevator riser diagram plan
Vertical Transportation

office hotel emergcy/ service observation deck

elevator riser diagram elevation
Description of main structural system

Adhering to the theme of eight, which Eight concrete and steel perimeter
signifies good luck in China, the structure supercolumns, and eight steel built-
of the tower contains an octagonal central up columns.
reinforced concrete core.
 Identification of components
Crucial to Jin Maos form is the success of 2013/1/16
its core. The structural engineering of the
center is a reinforced concrete protective
structure. The upgrade is made up of high
strength concrete and steel. Under the
framework are a 4m thick reinforced
concrete raft foundation, encasing 429 root
hollow steel reinforcements piled into the
sand clay layer 65 m deep. Sand clay can
provide some bearing capacity, but the
buildings bearing relies mainly on the pile
friction resistance.
Core
The concrete core provides excellent
stiffness, while the structural steel floor
framing allows to use long, column-free
spans with minimal weight. This, in turn,
reduces the size of the vertical members
and the foundation, creating a system that
resists winds and earthquakes with the
fewest possible structural elements.

core plan
 Supercolumns
The supercolumns are comprised of steel and
concrete.

The use of both steel and concrete created a

dilemma during construction however, as some
deformations occured due to its self weight.
While this process usually occurs over a greater
length of time this was expediated in Jin Mao
because concrete and steel both deform
supercolumn plan
elastically.

2013/1/16
 Supercolumns

Gravity loads are resisted by the

composite floor members frames,
called structural steel columns. The
central core and composite
supercolumns provide additional
support counteracting the gravity
loads.
 Outrigger Truss

The final structure that enables Jin

Mao to function uniquely is its
outrigger truss system. This provides
resistance of lateral loads through a
central reinforced concrete shear-wall
core interconnected with the
composite supercolumns.
 Connection description

Jin Mao implanted a distinctive

system of pins within the joints,
forming a sort of hinge. These pins
allow rotation and more flexibility
during construction.
 Loading Summary

Jin Mao Tower weight 30t. The type of

steel is H flange steel which has strong
resistance on lateral forces and bending
stress. The main components resisting
lateral forces include reinforced concrete
core. And through the stick-out trusses, the
core connects with outsider super columns.
Loading Summary

From the basement to 87th floor, the

thickness of the core wall range from
850mm~450mm, while strength from
C60 to C40. The overhang trusses
provided efficient lateral resistance. It
makes the building reach highest depth
under deflection. Eight faces wall
provide special strength for twisting.
Loading Summary

The overhang trusses locate at 24~26th levels, 51~53th levels and 85~87th
levels. And at the 85~87th levels there is a three-dimensional frame, which has
a shape of pagoda.

Bending Moment Diagram

Loading Summary

It will sufficiently transfer the lateral forces from core and super columns.
Meantime, this structure also solves the problems of partial horizontal systems,
allowing the loads transferred to atrium.

Axial Forces Diagram

Loading Summary

For self-weight, there are eight super columns and composite beams and truss
beams. It also has composite contour plates with 76mm to 83mm normal weight
panel.

Shear Forces Diagram

 Lateral Load analysis
Design requirement
Wind loads: 200km/h
Seismic loads: 7 on the Richter scale.

Deformation side sway analysis

(a)Wind force load (b)calculate diagram (c)displacement (d)deformation (e)overturning moment

Lateral load transfer analysis

Wind load works on the surface of the building, then

transferred to super columns. With the trusses connection

between super columns and core, the load finally reaches to

the core and gets to the foundation.

While horizontal forces working on the structure, the whole

system generates inner inertial forces resisting the

overturning and torsion induced. The outside symmetry super

columns constitute of the force couple to resist the bending

moment.
Lateral load components
Consist of
braced frames in the core,
outriggers from core to perimeter,
super-columns and moment resisting frames in the perimeter

Super columns core outriggers truss

Lateral Load resisting system
How to resist load?
Outrigger truss
Core and super columns connect through
main beams on each floor and Outrigger
Truss steel beams to form a space
integrate structure resist to lateral loads.
Core play the most important role on core
resisting moment, 8 super- columns are
good for balancing overturning moment by
outrigger truss connecting with core.
supercolmn
Structural Elements

Outrigger truss
carry on lateral loads

improve whole ability to resist torsion

transfer the floor gravity to super columns to

balance the force caused by overturning
moment.
Foundation
Shanghai is located in alluvial plain,
whose forty meters underground is
full of silt. So it must have enough
bearing foundation to build
skyscrapersthere. Then, this
situation needs Jin Mao Towers
foundation must traverse the silt
layer and reaches the hard sand
bed. In a general way, the depth of
skyscrapers foundation is
equivalent to one over fifteen of
the building height.
Foundation
Around the center part of the
skyscraper, structural engineers
design a reinforced concrete
protective structure; and upgrade is
high strength concrete and steel
structure composite structure. Under
the skyscrapers framework, there is
a 4 meters thick reinforced concrete
raft foundation and 429 roots
900m hollow steel piles.
The foundation under the podium
uses small steel pipe piles, which
reach the seventh soil layer.
Foundation
The foundation pit perimeter
of this project is 568 meters,
the depth is 15~19 meters,
the area is nearly 2X104
m2, and the total earth
cutting quantity is 32X104
m3. The foundation slab of
the main building is 4 meters
thick, and the total amount is
13500m3, the strength of
concrete is C50.
Foundation

Foundation Plan
Foundation

Pad Section
Sources
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2/JinmaoTower.pdf
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1586652/Jin-Mao-
Tower
http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/BIG_BUILDINGS/CONTENT
/jumbos/j_27.htm
http://shanghaisquared.com/2011/02/01/shape-of-the-city-jin-mao-
tower/
http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Jin_Mao_Tower
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uf