PRESENTATION ON BASE STATION ANTENNA

Submitted To
Dr. K.V.Srivastava
Submitted by
Amit Kumar Sharma
M.Tech(16104008)
KEY ITEMS IN DESIGNING A BASE STATION ANTENNA

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

Base station antenna design issues, requirements, and
antenna technology

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

 A major subject that affects antenna design in 3G systems is the
pattern synthesis, which concerns beam shaping multiband
operation, downsizing, and sophistication of antenna systems.

Beam shaping includes beam tilting and low side lobe beams in
the vertical plane, along with uniform coverage patterns, sector
beams, and multibeams in the horizontal plane.

Since with the remarkable increase in the number of subscribers,

cell sizes have become smaller to increase channel capacity, and
accordingly the number of base stations has increased

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

Mobile Propagation Environment
Open Area: There are few obstacles such as high trees or
buildings in the propagation path. Free spaces of about
300400 m in length
lie between the base and mobile stations.

Suburban Area: There are some obstacles around the

mobile stations, but they are not dense.

Urban Area: There are many buildings or other high

structures.

Closed Area: Propagation is confined in limited areas like in

buildings, tunnels, subway stations, and underpasses. 5
 Propagation-Path Loss
In free space

propagation path loss d 2

Where d is the distance between the base station and mobile station

in mobile systems it should be

propagation path loss d
varied from 3.5 to 7 depending on propagation path

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

6
Technology necessary for designing base
station antennas
In order to communicate base
station must radiate uniformly
and antenna gain should be
high(10-20dBd).

base station communicates with

many mobile stations
simultaneously, multiple
channels must be handled(wide-
frequency characteristics).

Antennas should be designed for

use with several systems.

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

7
 beam tilting is employed in base station antennas in order to
avoid the co-channel interference between cells where the same
frequency is used.

Another important issue is multipath fading, which deteriorates

the signal quality in the narrowband modulation schemes.

One way to overcome this problem is to apply diversity

antenna systems

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

Classification of Base Station Antennas

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

9
SECTORING FOR CDMA SYSTEM

All mobile communication networks

operate with very limited frequency
resources.

The multiple sectors per cell

scheme in mobile communication
networks has been proposed to
increase frequency usage
efficiency instead of the single
sector per cell scheme.
Using multiple sectors per cell is
also conducive to increasing W-
CDMA system capacity and data
traffic per subscriber.
Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas
SHAPED BEAM ANTENNA
Beam shaping is required for forming
1. a sector beam in the horizontal plane
2. a cosecant beam in the vertical plane
In 2G mobile phone systems, a frequency
reuse system is adopted in order to increase
effectiveness of channel capacity.

Cell configuration in cellular The zone system is designed by taking

system
parameters such as D/R and C/I
C/I = log{R/(D R)} + (C/I )ANT
C : carrier level
I: interference level
D: distance between the centers of adjacent cells
R : radius of cell
: propagation loss factor

11
Relation between D/R and C/I
Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas
Shaped Beam in the Horizontal Plane
By sectoring a zone, the average number
of mobile terminals in a sector will
decrease and accordingly interference
will be reduced
Antenna pattern is expressed by
f () = (cos /2)m
m = 3/[10 log(cos b/4)], b = beamwidth

Channel capacity versus

number of sectors.

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

12
Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas
Shaped Beam in the Horizontal Plane

Channel capacity versus Beamwidth for 3 sector and 6 sector

radio zone

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK 13

 CORNER REFLECTOR ANTENNA

The corner-reflector antenna is made up of two

plane reflector panels and a dipole element

The feed element for the corner reflector is

always a dipole or an array of collinear dipols
placed parallel to the vertex a distance s away, as
shown in Fig

The aperture of the corner reflector (D) is

usually made between one and two wavelengths
(<D<2) .

The feed-to-vertex distance (s) is usually taken

to be between a third and two-thirds of the
wavelength (/ 3 < s < 2 / 3).

For each reflector, there is an

optimum feed-to-vertex spacing.
Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill
 The length of the sides of the 90
corner reflector is mostly taken to
be twice the distance from the
vertex to the feed (L = 2s).

The height (H) of the reflector is

usually taken to be about 1.2 to
1.5 times greater than the total
length of the feed element.

Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill

Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas
Shaped Beam in the Horizontal Plane
Typical antennas having a sector beam are
one with a corner reflector and a two-
dimensional parabolic reflector antenna fed
by two primary radiators.

The corner reflector antenna has an

advantage in that the beamwidth can be
adjusted by changing the aperture angle of
the reflector.

vertically arrayed corner reflector antennas

can achieve high directivity by narrowing the
main beam in the vertical plane.

Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill 16

Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas
Shaped Beam in the Vertical Plane
When a limited horizontal area is to be
illuminated with equal received signal level from
an antenna fixed at a certain height, as shown in
Figure ,an antenna with a cosecant-squared
shaped-beam pattern in the vertical plane is used

In cellular systems, the significance of a shaped

beam is recognized in suppression of the
radiation toward the cell, where the same
frequency is reused, rather than in uniform
illumination of the self-zone.

Constantine A. Balanis,MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK

17
Design of Shaped-Beam Antennas
SHAPED BEAM IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE

Sector beams with beamwidth from 60 to 180 can

be obtained by setting the aperture angle from 60
to 270
When a flat plate is used as the reflector, the
beamwidth becomes narrower as the reflector
width becomes wider.
If width of reflector > beamwidth is
constant
A : shows a case where a single dipole antenna is used
and the beamwidth is about 120 with the reflector
width of one wavelength (),
B : shows when two dipole antennas with separation of
0.25 are used and the beamwidth is about 60 with
one wavelength reflector width
C: depicts a case where a semicylinder is used as the
Beamwidth vs width of reflector plate for single
reflector
dipole(A), Two dipoles(B) and spherical reflector(C) 18
Wideband and Multiband Antennas
With the introduction of 3G systems, there are some areas
where both 2G and 3G systems operate simultaneously
and antennas for both systems are required. This
requirement results in increased numbers of antennas

As the space to install base stations is limited in confined

areas. Thus multiband antennas have been developed:

Two bands that cover 0.8 and 1.5-GHz bands in 2G systems,

Three bands that cover 0.8, 1.5 and 2 GHz bands in both 2G
and 3G systems.
19
 Downsizing of Base Stations and
Antennas
With the increasing number of subscribers, cell size is being
made smaller and the number of base stations is increased. As
a result, installation of base stations has been limited to some
narrow areas and downsizing of base stations has been
required.

In accordance with this downsizing of base stations, antennas

should also be downsized; antennas are designed to have
smaller dimensions and the number of antennas is also
reduced.

Use of planar elements has prevailed in base stations as well

as in mobile terminals. Use of multiband antennas is another
20
promising way of downsizing.
SLIM ANTENNA

Figure shows three 120 beam

antennas with reflectors behind the
reflectors and radomes that protect the
antennas

The reflectors are installed in

parallel to the arms of dipoles with
a spacing of /4 to keep high gain.

The width of a corner reflector

antenna can be shrunk but with the
same HPBW as the antenna with a
flat reflector

The diameter of the antenna can be

reduced by 50% using a semi-
cylindrical reflector.
Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill
 NARROW HPBW ANTENNA WITH PARASITIC
METAL CONDUCTORS

In addition to stabilizing the HPBW response across a

wideband/multiple bands, controlling the HPBW in the
operating bands to cover the desired sector area is also
important

To accomplish this, antennas with controlled HPBW have

been designed.

Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill

SINGLE BEAM ANTENNA

In order to narrow the HPBW, we usually have

to increase the size of the reflector in certain
dimensions.
To avoid a significant increase in the size of the
antenna, two cylinder metal conductors are
used.

Metal conductors having the same length as

the reflector are symmetrically positioned in
front of the reflector with a distance S between
the dipole and metal cylinders.

The cylinder metal conductors are used to

narrow the HPBW in horizontal planes.

Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill

 Change in the HPBW versus the
spacing S between the dipole and
the metal conductors.

HPBW can be varied from 110

(without metal conductors) to 60
by changing the spacing S.

Cylinder metal conductors can

achieve narrower HPBW.

Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill

The change in radiation patterns with parasitic conductors

An antenna with parasitic metal conductors

has a narrower HPBW than an antenna
without the metal conductors.

The achieved HPBW is 90, which is

required by the system

the antenna with the metal conductors

achieves a 10 dB lower back radiation
than that of the antenna without the
metal conductors.

Z N Chan, K M Luk, Antennas for Base Stations, McGraw Hill

THANK YOU