ECHE 720A

Advanced Fluid
Flow Analysis
Lecture 1
Prof. Kenneth L. Roberts
Dept. of Chemical Engineering

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 Contact Information

Kenneth L. Roberts
Office 2C34 Swearingen
Tel. 777- 8978
777- 4181 (secretary)
Fax 777- 8265
E-mail: kroberts3@gmail.com
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 Text
Viscous Fluid Flow, Third Edition
by Frank M. White, McGraw-Hill
(2006)

The second edition is also acceptable

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 Lecture Outline

1. Differences between viscous flow

and inviscid flow
2. Definition of a fluid
3. Classification of fluid properties
4. Kinematic properties
a. Translation
b. Angular velocity and vorticity 4
Other names for inviscid flow

Potential flow
Ideal-fluid flow
Perfect-fluid flow

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 Inviscid flow of an
incompressible fluid
=0 inviscid
= constant incompressible

v = 0 conservation of mass
~~
for incompressible fluid
v = 0 no rotation anywhere if
~ ~
initially irrotational
(consequence of = 0) 6
Flow past a circular cylinder

uniform velocity
U far from object

uniform modified
p pressure far from
object

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 Inviscid flow predictions
1. Symmetric streamlines Fig 1- 4
2. Pressure distribution also
symmetric (Bernoulli's equation)
Fig 1- 5 (Theoretical curve)
Consequently, it predicts zero drag
and zero lift.
3. No rotation anywhere in the fluid.
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 Inviscid flow predictions

0 180

symmetric
streamlines pressure distribution
Fig. 1-4 (only pressure force,
(slip on walls) no shear stresses)
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 Pressure distribution

Fig. 1-5
Reynolds number Re (= UD/) 10
Inviscid flow predictions

if inviscid, no rotation

in a viscous fluid there

would be rotation
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 Experimental results
Pressure distribution Separation

Drag (also due As Re increases:

to shear stresses) Separation
Pulsating lift Vortex street
Turbulent wake 12
 Flow past a cylinder

Re = 0.25 Re = 3.64 Re = 9.10

Re = 13.05 Re = 39.0 Re = 57.7

Source: An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics by George K. Batchelor, Cambridge
University Press, 1967, plate 1, near p. 352. (From Prandt et al. and Taneda)
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 Fig. 1-6
Fig. 1-7
(Re = 170)
Fig. 1-8
St =
Strouhal
number
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 Flow past a cylinder

Source: An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics by George K. Batchelor, Cambridge

University Press, 1967, plate 2, near p. 352. (From Taneda)
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von Karman vortex street near the Juan
Fernndez Islands (Chile)
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 Drag crisis
Previously unexplained drop in drag
as U (Re) increased. (Fig. 1-9)

Explanation:
boundary layer transition from laminar
to turbulent.

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Drag crisis

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Laminar Turbulent
boundary layer boundary layer

Turbulent boundary layer

separates further back and
results in lower drag.

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 Flow past a sphere

Laminar boundary layer separates Turbulent boundary layer (tripped

earlier by a wire) separates later
(Re = 15,000) (Re = 30,000)

Source: An Album of Fluid Motion by Milton Van Dyke, The Parabolic Press,
1982, p 34-35.
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 Turbulent wake behind a cylinder
Re = 1770
Source: An Album of Fluid Motion by Milton Van Dyke, The Parabolic Press,
1982, photo 174, p. 101.

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Two-dimensional airfoil
Fig. 1-1

Boundary layer is thin and does

not separate.
The perfect-fluid predictions are
very good except at trailing
edge.
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 Separation

Fig. 1-1
Lift much less than predicted by
perfect fluid theory
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 inviscid flow
Fig. 1-2 prediction

coefficient experiment
of lift

5 10
angle of incidence
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 Definition of fluid

A fluid is a material that cannot

resist an applied shear stress
without deforming.

Not a clear-cut definition.

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Roman face cream after 1800 years Pitch after 80 years
R. P. Evershed et al., Nature 423, 35-36 (2004) http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/pitchdrop/pitchdrop.shtm
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 This course

We will restrict our attention to

Newtonian fluids.

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Fluid properties

Four types
1. Kinematic
2. Transport
3. Thermodynamic
4. Other

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 Kinematic properties
Directly related to the fluid
velocity vector field v
~

1. Translation (simply v)
~
2. Angular velocity and vorticity
3. Rate of shear strain
4. Rate of extensional strain (dilation)
5. Particle acceleration vector
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